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Summary
Summary
Based on papers from the 2004 NASA/ONR Circulation Control Workshop, this collection is an invaluable, one-of-a-kind resource on the state-of-the-art in circulation control technologies and applications. Filling the information gap between 1986 - when the last such symposium was held - and today, it summarizes the applications, experiments, computations and theories related to circulation control, emphasizing fundamental physics, systems analysis and applied research. The papers presented cover a wide variety of aerodynamic and hydrodynamic applications including naval vehicles, fixed-wing aviation, V/STOL platforms, propulsion systems and ground vehicles. Anyone with interests in applied aerodynamics, fluid mechanics and aircraft design will find this book of particular value, as will those seeking a an up-to-date reference work on circulation control and its many current applications.
Table of Contents
Preface | p. xix |
I Overview | |
Chapter 1 Advantages of Combining BLC Suction with Circulation Control High-Lift Generation | p. 3 |
Nomenclature | p. 3 |
Introduction | p. 4 |
Designing a CC Technology Demonstrator STOL Aircraft | p. 5 |
1974 Flight Testing of the WVU CC Technology Demonstrator | p. 12 |
1979 CC Flight Tests with a Grumman Aerospace A-6A | p. 16 |
Conclusions | p. 18 |
References | p. 20 |
Chapter 2 Overview of Circulation Control Pneumatic Aerodynamics: Blown Force and Moment Augmentation and Modification as Applied Primarily to Fixed-Wing Aircraft | p. 23 |
Nomenclature | p. 23 |
Introduction | p. 24 |
Coanda Effect | p. 25 |
Applications of Circulation Control, Past and Present | p. 28 |
Powered Lift and Engine Thrust Deflection | p. 48 |
Other Aircraft Applications | p. 53 |
Nonflying Applications of Circulation Control | p. 57 |
Conclusions | p. 63 |
References | p. 64 |
Chapter 3 Exploratory Investigations of Circulation Control Technology: Overview for Period 1987-2003 at NSWCCD | p. 69 |
Nomenclature | p. 69 |
Introduction | p. 70 |
Dual-Slotted Cambered Airfoil (LSB) | p. 70 |
Self-Driven Rotary Thruster (TIPJET) | p. 73 |
Annular Wing (CC-Duct) | p. 79 |
Circular Wing (CC-Disc) | p. 85 |
Miniature Oscillatory Valve (CC-Valve) for Unsteady Wing Load Reduction | p. 91 |
Dual-Slotted Low Aspect Ratio Wing (CC Hydrofoil) | p. 93 |
Status of Design Capability | p. 99 |
Conclusions | p. 100 |
References | p. 101 |
II.A Experiments and Applications: Fundamental Flow Physics | |
Chapter 4 Measurement and Analysis of Circulation Control Airfoils | p. 105 |
Nomenclature | p. 105 |
Introduction | p. 106 |
Experimental Details | p. 107 |
Sample Results | p. 107 |
Conclusions | p. 112 |
References | p. 112 |
Chapter 5 Some Circulation and Separation Control Experiments | p. 113 |
Nomenclature | p. 113 |
Introduction | p. 114 |
Discussion of Results | p. 118 |
Conclusions | p. 162 |
Acknowledgments | p. 164 |
References | p. 164 |
Chapter 6 Noise Reduction Through Circulation Control | p. 167 |
Nomenclature | p. 167 |
Introduction | p. 168 |
Background | p. 169 |
Facilities and Instrumentation | p. 171 |
Technical Approach | p. 173 |
Results and Discussion | p. 174 |
Conclusions | p. 184 |
Acknowledgments | p. 186 |
References | p. 186 |
II.B Experiments and Applications: Aerospace | |
Chapter 7 Pneumatic Flap Performance for a Two-Dimensional Circulation Control Airfoil | p. 191 |
Nomenclature | p. 191 |
Introduction | p. 192 |
NASA CC Requirements | p. 193 |
Theoretical Considerations | p. 195 |
GACC Airfoil Design | p. 202 |
Experimental Setup | p. 207 |
Airfoil Performance | p. 216 |
Conclusions | p. 236 |
Appendix | p. 237 |
References | p. 241 |
Chapter 8 Trailing Edge Circulation Control of an Airfoil at Transonic Mach Numbers | p. 245 |
Nomenclature | p. 245 |
Introduction | p. 246 |
Model Description | p. 247 |
Instrumentation | p. 251 |
Facility | p. 252 |
Test Procedures and Conditions | p. 253 |
Test Conditions | p. 254 |
Discussion of Results | p. 254 |
Conclusions | p. 263 |
Acknowledgments | p. 275 |
References | p. 275 |
Chapter 9 Experimental and Computational Investigation into the Use of the Coanda Effect on the Bell A821201 Airfoil | p. 277 |
Nomenclature | p. 277 |
Introduction | p. 278 |
Experimental Apparatus and Procedure | p. 279 |
Computational Model and Procedure | p. 282 |
Experimental Results | p. 285 |
Computational Results | p. 286 |
Conclusions | p. 290 |
References | p. 291 |
Chapter 10 Novel Flow Control Method for Airfoil Performance Enhancement Using Co-Flow Jet | p. 293 |
Nomenclature | p. 293 |
Introduction | p. 294 |
Results and Discussion | p. 296 |
Conclusions | p. 311 |
Acknowledgments | p. 312 |
References | p. 312 |
Chapter 11 Experimental Development and Evaluation of Pneumatic Powered-Lift Super-STOL Aircraft | p. 315 |
Nomenclature | p. 315 |
Introduction | p. 316 |
Experimental Apparatus and Test Techniques | p. 320 |
Wind-Tunnel Evaluations and Results | p. 321 |
Comparison of Measurements and Predictions | p. 331 |
Potential Applications | p. 333 |
Conclusions | p. 333 |
Acknowledgments | p. 335 |
References | p. 335 |
Chapter 12 Use of Circulation Control for Flight Control | p. 337 |
Nomenclature | p. 337 |
Introduction | p. 338 |
Half-Span Cropped-Delta Model | p. 339 |
Full-Span UAV Configuration | p. 345 |
Conclusions | p. 352 |
Acknowledgments | p. 353 |
References | p. 353 |
II.C Experiments and Applications: Nonaerospace | |
Chapter 13 Pneumatic Aerodynamic Technology to Improve Performance and Control of Automotive Vehicles | p. 357 |
Nomenclature | p. 357 |
Introduction | p. 357 |
Basics of Pneumatic Circulation Control Aerodynamics | p. 358 |
DOE Pneumatic Heavy Vehicle Model Test Results | p. 360 |
Pneumatic HV Fuel Economy Testing | p. 367 |
Updated Wind Tunnel Evaluations | p. 371 |
Pneumatic Sport Utility Vehicles (PSUVs) | p. 374 |
Conclusions | p. 379 |
Recommendations | p. 380 |
Acknowledgments | p. 381 |
References | p. 381 |
Chapter 14 Aerodynamic Heat Exchanger: A Novel Approach to Radiator Design Using Circulation Control | p. 383 |
Nomenclature | p. 383 |
Introduction | p. 383 |
Technical Approach | p. 386 |
Results | p. 389 |
Conclusions | p. 395 |
Acknowledgments | p. 397 |
References | p. 397 |
III.A Tools for Predicting Circulation Control Performance: NCCR 1510 Airfoil Test Case | |
Chapter 15 Investigation of Turbulent Coanda Wall Jets Using DNS and RANS | p. 401 |
Nomenclature | p. 401 |
Introduction | p. 402 |
Investigated Configurations | p. 403 |
Numerical Approach | p. 404 |
Turbulent Wall Jet on a Circular Cylinder | p. 405 |
Circulation Control Airfoil | p. 415 |
Conclusions | p. 418 |
Acknowledgments | p. 419 |
References | p. 419 |
Chapter 16 RANS and Detached-Eddy Simulation of the NCCR Airfoil | p. 421 |
Nomenclature | p. 421 |
Introduction | p. 422 |
Geometry, Conditions, and Data | p. 424 |
Computational Methods | p. 425 |
Grid Generation | p. 427 |
Initial and Boundary Conditions | p. 429 |
Results | p. 430 |
Conclusions | p. 441 |
Acknowledgments | p. 442 |
References | p. 442 |
Chapter 17 Full Reynolds-Stress Modeling of Circulation Control Airfoils | p. 445 |
Nomenclature | p. 445 |
Introduction | p. 446 |
Mathematical Development | p. 448 |
Results | p. 453 |
Conclusions | p. 465 |
Acknowledgments | p. 465 |
References | p. 465 |
III.B Tools for Predicting Circulation Control Performance: NCCR 103RE Airfoil Test Case | |
Chapter 18 Aspects of Numerical Simulation of Circulation Control Airfoils | p. 469 |
Nomenclature | p. 469 |
Introduction | p. 470 |
Geometry and Grid | p. 472 |
Numerical Method | p. 475 |
Boundary and Initial Conditions | p. 476 |
Turbulence Modeling | p. 476 |
Jet Momentum Coefficient | p. 478 |
Numerical Results | p. 478 |
Conclusions | p. 495 |
Acknowledgments | p. 497 |
Appendix Coordinates of 103RE Airfoil | p. 497 |
References | p. 497 |
Chapter 19 Role of Turbulence Modeling in Flow Prediction of Circulation Control Airfoils | p. 499 |
Nomenclature | p. 499 |
Introduction | p. 500 |
Formulation of the Problem | p. 501 |
Results and Discussion | p. 502 |
Conclusions | p. 510 |
Acknowledgments | p. 510 |
References | p. 510 |
III.C Tools for Predicting Circulation Control Performance: GACC Airfoil Test Case | |
Chapter 20 Simulation of Steady Circulation Control for the General Aviation Circulation Control (GACC) Wing | p. 513 |
Nomenclature | p. 513 |
Introduction | p. 514 |
Geometry, Conditions, and Data | p. 515 |
Computational Methods | p. 516 |
Grid Generation | p. 518 |
Initial and Boundary Conditions | p. 521 |
Computational Resources | p. 523 |
Results | p. 523 |
Conclusions | p. 536 |
Acknowledgments | p. 537 |
References | p. 537 |
Chapter 21 Computational Study of a Circulation Control Airfoil Using FLUENT | p. 539 |
Nomenclature | p. 539 |
Introduction | p. 540 |
Configurations and Experiments | p. 541 |
Numerical Approach | p. 542 |
Results | p. 545 |
Conclusions | p. 552 |
Acknowledgments | p. 553 |
References | p. 553 |
III.D Tools for Predicting Circulation Control Performance: Additional CFD Applications | |
Chapter 22 Computational Evaluation of Steady and Pulsed Jet Effects on a Circulation Control Airfoil | p. 557 |
Nomenclature | p. 557 |
Introduction | p. 558 |
Mathematical and Numerical Formulation | p. 559 |
Results and Discussion | p. 561 |
Conclusions | p. 575 |
Acknowledgment | p. 575 |
References | p. 575 |
Chapter 23 Time-Accurate Simulations of Synthetic Jet-Based Flow Control for a Spinning Projectile | p. 579 |
Nomenclature | p. 579 |
Introduction | p. 580 |
Computational Methodology | p. 581 |
Projectile Geometry and Computational Grid | p. 584 |
Results | p. 586 |
Conclusions | p. 594 |
References | p. 595 |
IV Exploring a Visionary Use of Circulation Control | |
Chapter 24 Coanda Effect and Circulation Control for Nonaeronautical Applications | p. 599 |
Introduction | p. 599 |
Applications | p. 600 |
Conclusions | p. 612 |
Acknowledgments | p. 612 |
References | p. 612 |
Index | p. 615 |
Author Index | p. 623 |
Supporting Materials | p. 625 |