Broadband access technology, interfaces, and management

Title:

Personal Author:

Gillespie, Alex

Series:

Artech House telecommunications library

Publication Information:

Boston : Artech House, 2001.

ISBN:

9780890064733

Subject Term:

Broadband communication systems

Computer network protocols

Computer networks -- Management

Computer network architectures

Available:*

Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
Searching... PSZ JB	30000004800508	TK5103.4 G56 2001	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown

A comprehensive presentation of the emerging and proven technologies that allow high-speed remote access to the Internet and to broadband services. It shows the reader how to design the network that provides broadband links between end-users and service providers, and the operations systems that control the networks. From broadband and IP signalling to ADSL and optical transmission in telecommunications, this book guides you in planning the evolution of ATM and IP networks. It covers mature ATM, SONET/SDH and IP technologies, more recent ADSL and VB5 technology, and future optical and WDM technology as applied to ATM PONs and IP.

Author Notes

Alex Gillespie holds a masters in Theoretical Physics from Cambridge University and a Ph.D. in Particle Physics from Durham University, and a first class honors degree from St. Andrews, Scotland.

Since 1988, he has been with BT Laboratories at Martlesham Heath and has been editor of several telecommunications standards. He is chairman of the ETSI SPS3 Working Party on Management and a member of the ECTM group established at the request of the European Commission to coordinate telecommunication management standards in Europe. His e-mail address is gillesat@btlip23.bt.co.uk.

050

Contents	p. v
Preface	p. xxiii
Conventions	p. xxiv
Acknowledgments	p. xxiv
1 Overview	p. 1
1.1 Broadband and ATM	p. 2
1.2 The Evolution Toward Broadband	p. 3
1.3 Access Networks, Core Networks, and Service Providers	p. 3
1.4 Broadband Technology	p. 4
1.4.1 Access Network Technology	p. 4
1.4.2 Upgrading the Core Network	p. 7
1.4.3 The Boundary Between Core and Access Networks	p. 8
1.5 Summary	p. 9
2 Network Architecture	p. 11
2.1 Computer Networks	p. 12
2.1.1 Repeaters, Bridges, and Routers	p. 12
2.1.2 Internets, Intranets, and the Internet	p. 13
2.1.3 Remote Internet Access	p. 14
2.2 Broadband Access and Service Providers	p. 14
2.2.1 Service and Service Provider Interfaces	p. 15
2.2.2 End-User Choice and Network Complexity	p. 16
2.3 Broadband Access Architecture	p. 16
2.3.1 Technology, Services, and Dimensioning	p. 16
2.3.2 Services and the Core Architecture	p. 18
2.4 The ATM Core	p. 18
2.4.1 Permanent Virtual Connections	p. 19
2.4.2 Switched Virtual Connections	p. 20
2.5 Summary	p. 21
References	p. 22
3 Economic Considerations	p. 23
3.1 Broadband Service Considerations	p. 23
3.1.1 Video-on-Demand (VoD)	p. 24
3.1.2 Internet Access	p. 25
3.1.1 Video Telephony	p. 27
3.2 Broadband Connection Considerations	p. 28
3.3 Summary	p. 29
4 Sonet/Sdh	p. 31
4.1 The Historical Background	p. 31
4.1.1 The Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchies	p. 32
4.1.2 Synchronous Transport Signals	p. 33
4.2 Multiplexing and Architecture	p. 34
4.2.1 The Three Laws	p. 34
4.2.2 From Tributaries to Synchronous Interfaces	p. 36
4.2.3 The Functional Architecture	p. 41
4.3 Adaptation Overheads and Synchronization	p. 43
4.3.1 Synchronization and Coordination	p. 44
4.3.2 Pointers and Rate Adaptation Channels	p. 45
4.4 Layer-Specific Overheads and OAM Flows	p. 46
4.4.1 Common OAM Functions	p. 47
4.4.2 Section Layer Overheads	p. 48
4.4.3 Path Layer Overheads	p. 48
4.5 The Management Interface and Management Model	p. 49
4.5.1 Objects and Relationships in the Management Model	p. 50
4.5.2 Transactions for the Management Model	p. 53
4.6 Summary	p. 54
References	p. 55
5 ATM Fundamentals and Management Modeling	p. 57
5.1 Paths, Channels, and Cells	p. 57
5.1.1 Physical Paths, Virtual Paths, and Virtual Channels	p. 58
5.1.2 The Format of ATM Cells	p. 58
5.1.3 Comments on ATM Cells	p. 60
5.2 ATM Layers and Functions	p. 61
5.2.1 The Transmission Convergence Layer	p. 62
5.2.2 The VP and VC Layers	p. 63
5.2.3 Higher Order Layers	p. 63
5.3 The Basic Management Model for ATM	p. 64
5.3.1 ATM Configuration Management	p. 64
5.3.2 ATM Performance Management	p. 68
5.4 Summary	p. 69
References	p. 71
6 ATM Operations, Administration, and Maintenance (OAM) Flows	p. 73
6.1 OAM Flow Layers and Ranges	p. 74
6.2 OAM Cell Types and Functions	p. 76
6.2.1 Fault Management	p. 77
6.2.2 Performance Management	p. 79
6.2.3 Activation/Deactivation	p. 82
6.3 The Operations System (OS) Interface	p. 84
6.3.1 The Notification for Defect Reporting	p. 84
6.3.2 Loopback	p. 85
6.3.3 Continuity Checking	p. 85
6.3.4 Performance Monitoring	p. 87
6.4 Problems and Deficiencies	p. 88
6.5 Summary	p. 90
References	p. 90
7 ATM Adaptation for Client Services	p. 91
7.1 Introduction	p. 91
7.1.1 The Structure of the ATM Adaptation Layers	p. 92
7.1.2 Management Modeling of ATM Adaptation	p. 93
7.2 Synchronous Traffic (AAL1 and AAL2)	p. 94
7.2.1 AAL1 Segmentation and Reassembly	p. 95
7.2.2 AAL1 Synchronization Modes	p. 96
7.2.3 The AAL1 Convergence Sublayer (CS)	p. 97
7.2.4 AAL1 Management and Modeling	p. 98
7.2.5 Synchronous Variable Rate Traffic (AAL2)	p. 99
7.3 Asynchronous Traffic--Original (AAL3/4)	p. 100
7.3.1 AAL3/4 Segmentation and Reassembly	p. 100
7.3.2 AAL3/4 Convergence Sublayer (CS)	p. 101
7.3.3 AAL3/4 Management and Modeling	p. 102
7.4 Asynchronous Traffic--Streamlined (AAL5)	p. 104
7.4.1 AAL5 Segmentation and Reassembly	p. 104
7.4.2 The Common Part of the AAL5 Convergence Sublayer	p. 105
7.4.3 AAL5 Management and Modeling	p. 106
7.4.4 Internet Protocol (IP) over AAL5	p. 107
7.5 The Signaling ATM Adaptation Layer (SAAL)	p. 107
7.5.1 The Service-Specific Connection-Oriented Protocol (SSCOP)	p. 108
7.5.2 The Service-Specific Coordination Functions (SSCFs) for the SAAL	p. 112
7.5.3 Management Modeling of the SAAL	p. 113
7.6 Comments on ATM Adaptation	p. 114
7.7 Summary	p. 114
References	p. 115
8 ATM Signaling	p. 117
8.1 Background	p. 117
8.1.1 ITU-T and the ATM Forum	p. 118
8.1.2 Interworking	p. 119
8.2 Services, Addresses, and Topology	p. 119
8.2.1 Bearer Services and Telecommunications Services (Teleservices)	p. 119
8.2.2 ATM Addresses	p. 120
8.2.3 Connection Topologies	p. 121
8.3 UNI Signaling	p. 122
8.3.1 ITU-T UNI Signaling	p. 122
8.3.2 ATM Forum UNI Signaling	p. 124
8.4 NNI Signaling	p. 124
8.4.1 ITU-T NNI Signaling	p. 125
8.4.2 ATM Forum Intra-NNI Signaling	p. 129
8.4.3 ATM Forum Inter-NNI Signaling	p. 131
8.5 Summary	p. 131
References	p. 132
9 Management of ATM Switches	p. 133
9.1 Background	p. 133
9.2 ATM Interfaces	p. 134
9.2.1 Modeling of UNIs	p. 134
9.2.2 Modeling of NNIs	p. 135
9.3 Service Profiles	p. 136
9.3.1 Bearer Services, Teleservices, and Supplementary Services	p. 137
9.3.2 Modeling of Supplementary Services	p. 138
9.3.3 Customizing Services for Addresses	p. 140
9.3.4 The Circuit Emulation Service	p. 140
9.4 Configuration of the Routing Algorithm	p. 141
9.4.1 Modification of Destination Addresses	p. 142
9.4.2 Local Destinations	p. 142
9.4.3 Abstract (Remote) Destinations	p. 143
9.4.4 Routes to Remote Destinations (Post Analysis Evaluation)	p. 143
9.5 Summary	p. 144
References	p. 145
10 Internet Communication	p. 147
10.1 Introduction	p. 147
10.2 IP Addresses and Address Resolution	p. 149
10.2.1 The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)	p. 150
10.2.2 The Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP)	p. 152
10.2.3 Multicasting on the Internet	p. 153
10.2.4 Advanced Address Registration: BOOTP and DHCP	p. 154
10.3 IP Over ATM	p. 155
10.3.1 ATM Link-Level Addresses	p. 156
10.3.2 The ATM Address Resolution Protocol (ATMARP)	p. 157
10.4 Internet Control Messages	p. 159
10.4.1 Control on the Local Network	p. 160
10.4.2 Reporting Discarded Datagrams	p. 161
10.4.3 End-to-End Control	p. 163
10.5 End-to-End Data Transport	p. 164
10.5.1 The User Datagram Protocol (UDP)	p. 165
10.5.2 The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)	p. 167
10.6 Routing	p. 171
10.6.1 Algorithms: Distance Vector and Shortest Path	p. 171
10.6.2 Autonomous Systems, Gateway Protocols, and the Internet Core	p. 172
10.6.3 The Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP)	p. 173
10.6.4 The Routing Information Protocol (RIP) and Routing Loop Avoidance	p. 176
10.6.5 The Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)	p. 176
10.6.6 Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)	p. 177
10.7 Summary	p. 177
References	p. 179
11 Internet Applications	p. 181
11.1 Introduction	p. 181
11.2 User-Friendly Addresses: The Domain Name System	p. 182
11.3 The Internet Trinity	p. 184
11.3.1 Remote Login: TELNET	p. 184
11.3.2 The File Transfer Protocol (FTP)	p. 185
11.3.3 Electronic Mail (e-mail)	p. 186
11.4 Hypertext and the World Wide Web	p. 187
11.4.1 HTTP Messages	p. 188
11.4.2 HTTP Methods	p. 188
11.4.3 Responses to HTTP Requests	p. 189
11.5 Remote Procedure Calls	p. 190
11.6 Summary	p. 191
References	p. 193
12 Management of the Internet (SNMP)	p. 195
12.1 Messages and MIBs	p. 196
12.1.1 Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1) and SNMP Messages	p. 196
12.1.2 MIBs and Internet Management	p. 198
12.2 Basic MIB-II Groups and Their Evolution	p. 198
12.2.1 The System Group	p. 198
12.2.2 The Interfaces Group	p. 198
12.2.3 The Internet Protocol (IP) Group	p. 201
12.2.4 The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Group	p. 201
12.2.5 The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Group	p. 201
12.2.6 The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) Group	p. 202
12.2.7 The Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) Group	p. 202
12.2.8 The Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) Group	p. 203
12.3 Additional Groups	p. 203
12.3.1 Internet Additions	p. 203
12.3.2 Network Groups	p. 205
12.3.3 Other Groups	p. 206
12.4 The Technology-Specific Groups	p. 207
12.5 Summary	p. 207
References	p. 208
13 ADSL Transmission	p. 211
13.1 Tones, Modulation, and Coding	p. 212
13.1.1 Tones	p. 212
13.1.2 Modulation	p. 213
13.3.3 Trellis Coding	p. 214
13.2 Frames, Superframes, and Symbols	p. 216
13.2.1 Frames, Superframes, and Tone Allocation	p. 216
13.2.2 Payload Frames and ADSL Channels	p. 216
13.3 Forward Error Correction	p. 217
13.3.1 Error Detection and Error Correction	p. 217
13.3.2 Forward Error Correction in ADSL	p. 219
13.4 Channels, Ports, and Framing	p. 219
13.4.1 Bearer Channels, ADSL Channels, and ATM Ports	p. 219
13.4.2 Framing and Overheads	p. 220
13.5 Summary	p. 221
References	p. 222
14 ADSL Management	p. 223
14.1 The ADSL MIB Module	p. 224
14.1.1 Technology-Independent Information	p. 224
14.1.2 ADSL-Specific Information	p. 224
14.2 The CMIP Model for the Management of ADSL	p. 229
14.2.1 Configuration, Status, and Alarms	p. 231
14.2.2 Profiles	p. 231
14.2.3 Performance Monitoring	p. 231
14.3 Summary	p. 234
References	p. 234
15 VB5 Access Architecture	p. 237
15.1 Service Nodes (SNs) and VB5 Interfaces	p. 237
15.2 Logical Ports and Physical Ports	p. 238
15.2.1 Logical User Ports (LUPs)	p. 239
15.2.2 The Logical Service Port (LSP)	p. 240
15.2.3 System Configuration	p. 241
15.3 Signaling and UNI Accesses	p. 242
15.3.1 The VB5 Protocols	p. 242
15.3.2 User Signaling and UNI Accesses	p. 244
15.4 Comments on the VB5 Architecture	p. 244
15.5 Summary	p. 245
References	p. 245
16 VB5 Protocols	p. 247
16.1 VB5 Messages and Message Format	p. 247
16.2 Protocol Errors	p. 249
16.2.1 The Protocol Error Cause Information Element	p. 250
16.3 The Real-Time Management Coordination (RTMC) Protocol	p. 250
16.3.1 Some Problems with I.610	p. 250
16.3.2 RTMC Messages	p. 251
16.3.3 RTMC Information Elements	p. 261
16.4 The Broadband Bearer Connection Control (B-BCC) Protocol	p. 263
16.4.1 B-BCC Messages	p. 263
16.4.2 B-BCC Information Elements	p. 271
16.4.3 B-BCC Protocol Anomalies	p. 273
16.5 Summary	p. 275
References	p. 275
17 VB5 Management	p. 277
17.1 Background	p. 277
17.2 VPs, Logical User Ports, and Logical Service Ports	p. 279
17.2.1 VP Level Configuration in the Service Node	p. 279
17.2.2 VP Level Configuration in the Access Network	p. 281
17.2.3 Configuration of VB5 Protocols	p. 281
17.3 The Relationship with VB5 Messages	p. 282
17.3.1 Start-Up of an Interface	p. 282
17.3.2 Checking the Interface	p. 283
17.3.3 Resetting the VB5 Interface	p. 283
17.3.4 The State of Resources	p. 283
17.4 Broadband Access Coordination: X-VB5	p. 284
17.4.1 Specific X-VB5 Transactions	p. 284
17.4.2 Generalized X-VB5 Transactions	p. 285
17.4.3 RPC Specification of X-VB5 Transaction Requirements	p. 286
17.5 Summary	p. 287
References	p. 288
18 Optical Access	p. 289
18.1 Background	p. 289
18.2 ATM PON Architecture	p. 290
18.2.1 ATM PON Transmission	p. 291
18.2.2 VDSL Transmission on Hybrid Architectures	p. 293
18.3 PLOAM Cells on ATM PONs	p. 294
18.3.1 Common PLOAM Fields	p. 295
18.3.2 Downstream-Only PLOAM Fields	p. 296
18.3.3 Upstream-Only PLOAM Fields	p. 297
18.4 OLT/ONU Coordination	p. 298
18.5 Summary	p. 298
References	p. 299
19 ATM Enhancements	p. 301
19.1 Background	p. 301
19.2 Enhanced OAM Flows	p. 302
19.3 ATM (Automatic Protection Switching) APS	p. 304
19.3.1 Types of Protection Switching	p. 304
19.3.2 The Protection Protocol	p. 305
19.3.3 Conditions, Commands, and States	p. 306
19.4 Paths and Connections	p. 307
19.4.1 Switched Virtual Paths	p. 307
19.4.2 Soft Permanent Virtual Connections (S-PVCs)	p. 308
19.4.3 Multipoint Connections	p. 309
19.5 Traffic, Services, and Quality	p. 311
19.5.1 ATMF Service Categories and ITU-T Transfer Capabilities	p. 312
19.5.2 Traffic Parameters, QoS Parameters, and QoS Classes	p. 313
19.6 Summary	p. 314
References	p. 315
20 Optical Technology for IP	p. 317
20.1 Background	p. 317
20.2 IP over Serial Data Links	p. 318
20.3 Optical IP Transmission	p. 320
20.3.1 IP over SONET/SDH	p. 320
20.3.2 ATM Versus SONET/SDH	p. 321
20.3.3 IP over WDM	p. 322
20.4 Optical IP Networks	p. 323
20.4.1 Optical Burst Switching	p. 323
20.4.2 Optical Flow Switching	p. 324
20.4.3 WDM LANs and WANs	p. 325
20.4.4 Superimposed Optical Topologies	p. 326
20.5 Summary	p. 326
References	p. 327
21 The Way Forward	p. 329
21.1 Background	p. 330
21.2 Multiprotocol Label Switching	p. 330
21.2.1 Forwarding Equivalent Classes	p. 331
21.2.2 Creating Label-Switched Paths (LSPs)	p. 332
21.2.3 MPLS Versus ATM	p. 333
21.3 Internet Protocol Version 6	p. 334
21.3.1 Datagram Format	p. 334
21.3.2 Fields and Headers	p. 334
21.4 The Resource Reservation Protocol	p. 336
21.5 Shortcut Routing	p. 337
21.5.1 Policy-Based Shortcuts	p. 338
21.5.2 Next Hop Resolution Protocol	p. 339
21.5.3 Topology-Independent Shortcuts	p. 340
21.6 RSVP for ATM	p. 341
21.6.1 Quality in IP and ATM	p. 341
21.6.2 Making Shortcuts with Reservations	p. 342
21.6.3 Proxy Addresses and VB5	p. 343
21.7 Summary	p. 343
References	p. 345
Acronyms and Abbreviations	p. 347
About the Author	p. 363
Index	p. 365

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Table of Contents