3-D seismic interpretation

3-D seismic data have become the key tool used in the petroleum industry to understand the subsurface. In addition to providing excellent structural images, the dense sampling of a 3-D survey makes it possible to map reservoir quality and the distribution of oil and gas. Topics covered in this book include basic structural interpretation and map-making; the use of 3-D visualisation methods; interpretation of seismic amplitudes, including their relation to rock and fluid properties; and the generation and use of AVO and acoustic impedance datasets. This new paperback edition includes an extra appendix presenting new material on novel acquisition design, pore pressure prediction from seismic velocity, elastic impedance inversion, and time lapse seismics. Written by professional geophysicists with many years' experience in the oil industry, the book is indispensable for geoscientists using 3-D seismic data, including graduate students and new entrants into the petroleum industry.

Preface	p. ix
1 Introduction	p. 1
1.1 Seismic data	p. 2
1.2 Migration of seismic data	p. 3
1.3 Data density	p. 7
1.4 Uses of seismic data	p. 9
1.5 Road map	p. 13
1.6 Conventions: seismic display, units	p. 14
1.7 Unit conversions	p. 15
References	p. 16
2 3-D seismic data acquisition and processing	p. 17
2.1 Marine 3-D data acquisition	p. 18
2.2 Marine shear wave acquisition	p. 26
2.3 3-D land acquisition	p. 30
2.4 Other types of seismic survey	p. 34
2.5 3-D data processing	p. 35
2.5.1 Reformat, designature, resampling and gain adjustment	p. 35
2.5.2 Deconvolution	p. 39
2.5.3 Removing multiples	p. 39
2.5.4 Binning	p. 43
2.5.5 Stacking and migration	p. 46
2.5.6 Post-migration processing	p. 53
References	p. 55
3 Structural interpretation	p. 57
3.1 Well ties	p. 57
3.1.1 The synthetic seismogram	p. 58
3.1.2 The VSP	p. 66
3.2 Workstation interpretation	p. 71
3.2.1 Display capabilities	p. 72
3.2.2 Manual horizon picking	p. 77
3.2.3 Autotrackers	p. 81
3.2.4 Attributes	p. 84
3.2.5 Viewing data in 3-D	p. 88
3.3 Depth conversion	p. 89
3.3.1 Principles of vertical-stretch methods	p. 89
3.3.2 Use of well velocity information	p. 94
3.3.3 Use of seismic velocities	p. 96
3.3.4 Lateral shifts	p. 98
References	p. 100
4 Geological interpretation	p. 102
4.1 Seismic resolution	p. 102
4.2 Seismic stratigraphy	p. 106
4.3 Interpretation tools	p. 109
4.4 Some examples	p. 113
4.5 Faults	p. 117
References	p. 118
5 Interpreting seismic amplitudes	p. 120
5.1 Basic rock properties	p. 120
5.2 Offset reflectivity	p. 121
5.3 Interpreting amplitudes	p. 125
5.4 AVO analysis	p. 130
5.5 Rock physics for seismic modelling	p. 139
5.5.1 Fluid effects	p. 140
5.5.1.1 Calculating fluid parameters	p. 143
5.5.1.2 Calculating matrix parameters	p. 144
5.5.1.3 Invasion effects	p. 145
5.5.2 P-wave velocity and porosity	p. 146
5.5.3 P-wave velocity and clay content	p. 146
5.5.4 P-wave velocity and density	p. 146
5.5.5 Shear velocity	p. 148
5.5.6 Dry rock moduli	p. 150
5.6 Assessing significance	p. 151
References	p. 153
6 Inversion	p. 155
6.1 Principles	p. 155
6.2 Procedures	p. 157
6.2.1 SAIL logs	p. 157
6.2.2 Extending the bandwidth	p. 159
6.3 Benefits of inversion	p. 164
6.3.1 Inferring reservoir quality	p. 164
6.3.2 Stochastic inversion	p. 166
6.4 AVO effects	p. 170
References	p. 171
7 3-D seismic data visualisation	p. 172
Reference	p. 179
8 Time-lapse seismic	p. 180
8.1 Rock physics	p. 183
8.2 Seismic measurements	p. 184
8.3 Seismic repeatability	p. 186
8.4 Seismic processing	p. 187
8.5 Examples	p. 188
References	p. 191
Appendix 1 Workstation issues	p. 193
A1.1 Hardware	p. 193
A1.2 Software	p. 194
A1.3 Data management	p. 194
Reference	p. 195
Appendix 2 Glossary	p. 196
Appendix 3 Recent developments	p. 209
A3.1 Seismic acquisition: multi-azimuth and wide azimuth	p. 209
A3.2 Pore pressure prediction	p. 212
A3.3 Elastic impedance inversion	p. 216
A3.4 Time-lapse seismic	p. 219
References	p. 220
Index	p. 222

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