Aircraft design : a systems engineering approach

Title:

Personal Author:

Sadraey, Mohammad H.

Series:

Aerospace series

Publication Information:

Chichestet, West Sussex : Wiley, 2013

Physical Description:

xxx, 778 p. : ill. ; 26 cm.

ISBN:

9781119953401

Subject Term:

Airplanes -- Design and construction

Available:*

Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
Searching... PSZ JB	30000010306158	TL671.2 S23 2013	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown

Summary

A comprehensive approach to the air vehicle design process using the principles of systems engineering

Due to the high cost and the risks associated with development, complex aircraft systems have become a prime candidate for the adoption of systems engineering methodologies. This book presents the entire process of aircraft design based on a systems engineering approach from conceptual design phase, through to preliminary design phase and to detail design phase.

Presenting in one volume the methodologies behind aircraft design, this book covers the components and the issues affected by design procedures. The basic topics that are essential to the process, such as aerodynamics, flight stability and control, aero-structure, and aircraft performance are reviewed in various chapters where required. Based on these fundamentals and design requirements, the author explains the design process in a holistic manner to emphasise the integration of the individual components into the overall design. Throughout the book the various design options are considered and weighed against each other, to give readers a practical understanding of the process overall.

Readers with knowledge of the fundamental concepts of aerodynamics, propulsion, aero-structure, and flight dynamics will find this book ideal to progress towards the next stage in their understanding of the topic. Furthermore, the broad variety of design techniques covered ensures that readers have the freedom and flexibility to satisfy the design requirements when approaching real-world projects.

Key features:

* Provides full coverage of the design aspects of an air vehicle including: aeronautical concepts, design techniques and design flowcharts

* Features end of chapter problems to reinforce the learning process as well as fully solved design examples at component level

* Includes fundamental explanations for aeronautical engineering students and practicing engineers

* Features a solutions manual to sample questions on the book's companion website

Companion website - www.wiley.com/go/sadraey

Author Notes

Mohammad H. Sadraey
Daniel Webster College, New Hampshire, USA

Reviews 1

Choice Review

University-level textbooks on airplane design are typically intended for capstone courses and, consequently, build on materials developed in preceding courses. At present, as indicated by the number of entries in design-build-fly type competitions, interest among students in airplane design is growing, although much of this interest comes from students not enrolled in aerospace engineering programs. As Aircraft Design does not rely heavily on theoretical underpinnings, it is an excellent resource for those mechanical engineering departments that have an offering in airplane design, as well as for nonaerospace engineering students interested in entering one of the popular competitions. Sadraey (Daniel Webster College) does an excellent job of walking the reader through the design process for almost any established configuration. Using only simple algebraic formulas and plotted data, the author considers the airplane primarily from its geometrical properties and defines the relationships necessary to satisfy given mission requirements. In so doing, the book answers almost any "how" question that a student might have, but not so much the "why" questions. One can take exception with some of its details, but provided it is used in its particular niche, Airplane Design is an excellent addition to the field. Summing Up: Highly recommended. All academic and technical program engineering collections. M. D. Maughmer Penn State University

Preface	p. xv
Series Preface	p. xix
Acknowledgments	p. xxi
Symbols and Acronyms	p. xxiii
1 Aircraft Design Fundamentals	p. 1
1.1 Introduction to Design	p. 1
1.2 Engineering Design	p. 4
1.3 Design Project Planning	p. 8
1.4 Decision Making	p. 10
1.5 Feasibility Analysis	p. 12
1.6 Tort of Negligence	p. 15
References	p. 17
2 Systems Engineering Approach	p. 19
2.1 Introduction	p. 19
2.2 Fundamentals of Systems Engineering	p. 20
2.3 Conceptual System Design	p. 23
2.3.1 Definition	p. 23
2.3.2 Conceptual Design Flowchart	p. 24
2.3.3 Technical Performance Measures	p. 25
2.3.4 Functional Analysis	p. 26
2.3.5 System Trade-Off Analysis	p. 27
2.3.6 Conceptual Design Review	p. 28
2.4 Preliminary System Design	p. 29
2.5 Detail System Design	p. 30
2.6 Design Requirements	p. 33
2.7 Design Review, Evaluation, and Feedback	p. 34
2.8 Systems Engineering Approach in Aircraft Design	p. 37
2.8.1 Implementation of Systems Engineering	p. 37
2.8.2 Design Phases	p. 38
2.8.3 Design Flowchart	p. 39
2.8.4 Design Groups	p. 41
2.8.5 Design Steps	p. 43
References	p. 47
3 Aircraft Conceptual Design	p. 49
3.1 Introduction	p. 49
3.2 Primary Functions of Aircraft Components	p. 50
3.3 Aircraft Configuration Alternatives	p. 52
3.3.1 Wing Configuration	p. 53
3.3.2 Tail Configuration	p. 55
3.3.3 Propulsion System Configuration	p. 55
3.3.4 Landing Gear Configuration	p. 56
3.3.5 Fuselage Configuration	p. 58
3.3.6 Manufacturing-Related Items Configuration	p. 58
3.3.7 Subsystems Configuration	p. 59
3.4 Aircraft Classification and Design Constraints	p. 62
3.5 Configuration Selection Process and Trade-Off Analysis	p. 68
3.6 Conceptual Design Optimization	p. 74
3.6.1 Mathematical Tools	p. 74
3.6.2 Methodology	p. 76
Problems	p. 86
References	p. 92
4 Preliminary Design	p. 93
4.1 Introduction	p. 93
4.2 Maximum Take-Off Weight Estimation	p. 94
4.2.1 The General Technique	p. 94
4.2.2 Weight Build-up	p. 95
4.2.3 Payload Weight	p. 96
4.2.4 Crew Weight	p. 97
4.2.5 Fuel Weight	p. 100
4.2.6 Empty Weight	p. 108
4.2.7 Practical Steps of the Technique	p. 112
4.3 Wing Area and Engine Sizing	p. 113
4.3.1 Summary of the Technique	p. 113
4.3.2 Stall Speed	p. 118
4.3.3 Maximum Speed	p. 120
4.3.4 Take-Off Run	p. 131
4.3.5 Rate of Climb	p. 136
4.3.6 Ceiling	p. 140
4.4 Design Examples	p. 145
Problems	p. 155
References	p. 158
5 Wing Design	p. 161
5.1 Introduction	p. 161
5.2 Number of Wings	p. 164
5.3 Wing Vertical Location	p. 165
5.3.1 High Wing	p. 165
5.3.2 Low Wing	p. 168
5.3.3 Mid-Wing	p. 169
5.3.4 Parasol Wing	p. 169
5.3.5 The Selection Process	p. 169
5.4 Airfoil Section	p. 170
5.4.1 Airfoil Design or Airfoil Selection	p. 111
5.4.2 General Features of an Airfoil	p. 173
5.4.3 Characteristic Graphs of an Airfoil	p. 176
5.4.4 Airfoil Selection Criteria	p. 182
5.4.5 NACA Airfoils	p. 183
5.4.6 Practical Steps for Wing Airfoil Section Selection	p. 188
5.5 Wing Incidence	p. 195
5.6 Aspect Ratio	p. 198
5.7 Taper Ratio	p. 203
5.8 The Significance of Lift and Load Distributions	p. 206
5.9 Sweep Angle	p. 209
5.10 Twist Angle	p. 223
5.11 Dihedral Angle	p. 226
5.12 High-Lift Device	p. 230
5.12.1 The Functions of a High-Lift Device	p. 230
5.12.2 High-Lift Device Classification	p. 232
5.12.3 Design Technique	p. 235
5.13 Aileron	p. 241
5.14 Lifting-Line Theory	p. 242
5.15 Accessories	p. 246
5.15.1 Stroke	p. 247
5.15.2 Fence	p. 247
5.15.3 Vortex Generator	p. 248
5.15.4 Winglet	p. 248
5.16 Wing Design Steps	p. 249
5.17 Wing Design Example	p. 250
Problems	p. 259
References	p. 264
6 Tail Design	p. 265
6.1 Introduction	p. 265
6.2 Aircraft Trim Requirements	p. 268
6.2.1 Longitudinal Trim	p. 270
6.2.2 Directional and Lateral Trim	p. 276
6.3 A Review on Stability and Control	p. 278
6.3.1 Stability	p. 278
6.3.2 Control	p. 282
6.3.3 Handling Qualities	p. 284
6.4 Tail Configuration	p. 285
6.4.1 Basic Tail Configuration	p. 285
6.4.2 Aft Tail Configuration	p. 288
6.5 Canard or Aft Tail	p. 294
6.6 Optimum Tail Arm	p. 298
6.7 Horizontal Tail Parameters	p. 301
6.7.1 Horizontal Tail Design Fundamental Governing Equation	p. 301
6.7.2 Fixed, All-Moving, or Adjustable	p. 304
6.7.3 Airfoil Section	p. 306
6.7.4 Tail Incidence	p. 308
6.7.5 Aspect Ratio	p. 311
6.7.6 Taper Ratio	p. 312
6.7.7 Sweep Angle	p. 313
6.7.8 Dihedral Angle	p. 313
6.7.9 Tail Vertical Location	p. 314
6.7.10 Other Tail Geometries	p. 315
6.7.11 Control Provision	p. 316
6.7.12 Final Check	p. 316
6.8 Vertical Tail Design	p. 317
6.8.1 Vertical Tail Design Requirements	p. 317
6.8.2 Vertical Tail Parameters	p. 319
6.9 Practical Design Steps	p. 329
6.10 Tail Design Example	p. 331
Problems	p. 336
References	p. 340
7 Fuselage Design	p. 341
7.1 Introduction	p. 341
7.2 Functional Analysis and Design Flowchart	p. 341
7.3 Fuselage Configuration Design and Internal Arrangement	p. 345
7.4 Ergonomics	p. 346
7.4.1 Definitions	p. 346
7.4.2 Human Dimensions and Limits	p. 348
7.5 Cockpit Design	p. 350
7.5.1 Number of Pilots and Crew Members	p. 351
7.5.2 Pilot/Crew Mission	p. 353
7.5.3 Pilot/Crew Comfort/Hardship Level	p. 353
7.5.4 Pilot Personal Equipment	p. 354
7.5.5 Control Equipment	p. 355
7.5.6 Measurement Equipment	p. 356
7.5.7 Level of Automation	p. 357
7.5.8 External Constraints	p. 359
7.5.9 Cockpit Integration	p. 359
7.6 Passenger Cabin Design	p. 360
7.7 Cargo Section Design	p. 368
7.8 Optimum Length-to-Diameter Ratio	p. 372
7.8.1 Optimum Slenderness Ratio for Lowest f LD	p. 372
7.8.2 Optimum Slenderness Ratio for Lowest Fuselage Wetted Area	p. 378
7.8.3 Optimum Slenderness Ratio for the Lightest Fuselage	p. 380
7.9 Other Fuselage Internal Segments	p. 380
7.9.1 Fuel Tanks	p. 381
7.9.2 Radar Dish	p. 385
7.9.3 Wing Box	p. 386
7.9.4 Power Transmission Systems	p. 387
7.10 Lofting	p. 388
7.10.1 Aerodynamics Considerations	p. 388
7.10.2 Area Ruling	p. 390
7.10.3 Radar Detectability	p. 392
7.10.4 Fuselage Rear Section	p. 392
7.11 Fuselage Design Steps	p. 394
7.12 Design Example	p. 395
Problems	p. 406
References	p. 410
8 Propulsion System Design	p. 413
8.1 Introduction	p. 413
8.2 Functional Analysis and Design Requirements	p. 414
8.3 Engine Type Selection	p. 416
8.3.1 Aircraft Engine Classification	p. 417
8.3.2 Selection of Engine Type	p. 428
8.4 Number of Engines	p. 436
8.4.1 Flight Safety	p. 437
8.4.2 Other Influential Parameters	p. 438
8.5 Engine Location	p. 439
8.5.1 Design Requirements	p. 439
8.5.2 General Guidelines	p. 441
8.5.3 Podded versus Buried	p. 443
8.5.4 Pusher versus Tractor	p. 444
8.5.5 Twin-Jet Engine: Under-Wing versus Rear Fuselage	p. 446
8.6 Engine Installation	p. 448
8.6.1 Prop-Driven Engine	p. 450
8.6.2 Jet Engine	p. 452
8.7 Propeller Sizing	p. 456
8.8 Engine Performance	p. 461
8.8.1 Prop-Driven Engine	p. 461
8.8.2 Jet Engine	p. 462
8.9 Engine Selection	p. 462
8.10 Propulsion System Design Steps	p. 464
8.11 Design Example	p. 467
Problems	p. 471
References	p. 478
9 Landing Gear Design	p. 479
9.1 Introduction	p. 479
9.2 Functional Analysis and Design Requirements	p. 481
9.3 Landing Gear Configuration	p. 484
9.3.1 Single Main	p. 484
9.3.2 Bicycle	p. 485
9.3.3 Tail-Gear	p. 487
9.3.4 Tricycle	p. 487
9.3.5 Quadricycle	p. 488
9.3.6 Multi-Bogey	p. 489
9.3.7 Releasable Rail	p. 489
9.3.8 Skid	p. 489
9.3.9 Seaplane Landing Device	p. 490
9.3.10 Human Leg	p. 491
9.3.11 Landing Gear Configuration Selection Process	p. 492
9.3.12 Landing Gear Attachment	p. 493
9.4 Fixed, Retractable, or Separable Landing Gear	p. 494
9.5 Landing Gear Geometry	p. 497
9.5.1 Landing Gear Height	p. 498
9.5.2 Wheel Base	p. 503
9.5.3 Wheel Track	p. 508
9.6 Landing Gear and Aircraft Center of Gravity	p. 516
9.6.1 Tipback and Tipforward Angle Requirements	p. 516
9.6.2 Take-Off Rotation Requirement	p. 518
9.7 Landing Gear Mechanical Subsystems/Parameters	p. 524
9.7.1 Tire Sizing	p. 524
9.7.2 Shock Absorber	p. 525
9.7.3 Strut Sizing	p. 526
9.7.4 Steering Subsystem	p. 527
9.7.5 Landing Gear Retraction System	p. 527
9.8 Landing Gear Design Steps	p. 528
9.9 Landing Gear Design Example	p. 529
Problems	p. 539
References	p. 544
10 Weight of Components	p. 547
10.1 Introduction	p. 547
10.2 Sensitivity of Weight Calculation	p. 549
10.3 Aircraft Major Components	p. 553
10.4 Weight Calculation Technique	p. 556
10.4.1 Wine Weight	p. 559
10.4.2 Horizontal Tail Weight	p. 561
10.4.3 Vertical Tail Weight	p. 561
10.4.4 Fuselage Weight	p. 562
10.4.5 Landing Gear Weight	p. 563
10.4.6 Installed Engine Weight	p. 564
10.4.7 Fuel System Weight	p. 564
10.4.8 Weight of Other Equipment and Subsystems	p. 565
10.5 Chapter Examples	p. 565
Problems	p. 570
References	p. 573
11 Aircraft Weight Distribution	p. 575
11.1 Introduction	p. 575
11.2 Aircraft Center of Gravity Calculation	p. 578
11.3 Center of Gravity Range	p. 585
11.3.1 Fixed or Variable Center of Gravity	p. 585
11.3.2 Center of Gravity Range Definition	p. 586
11.3.3 Ideal Center of Gravity Location	p. 587
11.4 Longitudinal Center of Gravity Location	p. 590
11.5 Technique to Determine the Aircraft Forward and Aft Center of Gravity	p. 598
11.6 Weight Distribution Technique	p. 606
11.6.1 Fundamentals of Weight Distribution	p. 607
11.6.2 Longitudinal Stability Requirements	p. 609
11.6.3 Longitudinal Controllability Requirements	p. 611
11.6.4 Longitudinal Handling Quality Requirements	p. 613
11.7 Aircraft Mass Moment of Inertia	p. 615
11.8 Chapter Example	p. 620
Problems	p. 624
References	p. 630
12 Design of Control Surfaces	p. 631
12.1 Introduction	p. 631
12.2 Configuration Selection of Control Surfaces	p. 637
12.3 Handling Qualities	p. 638
12.3.1 Definitions	p. 640
12.3.2 Longitudinal Handling Qualities	p. 643
12.3.3 Lateral-Directional Handling Qualities	p. 647
12.4 Aileron Design	p. 654
12.4.1 Introduction	p. 654
12.4.2 Principles of Aileron Design	p. 656
12.4.3 Aileron Design Constraints	p. 664
12.4.4 Steps in Aileron Design	p. 669
12.5 Elevator Design	p. 670
12.5.1 Introduction	p. 670
12.5.2 Principles of Elevator Design	p. 672
12.5.3 Take-Off Rotation Requirement	p. 676
12.5.4 Longitudinal Trim Requirement	p. 680
12.5.5 Elevator Design Procedure	p. 683
12.6 Rudder Design	p. 685
12.6.1 Introduction to Rudder Design	p. 685
12.6.2 Fundamentals of Rudder Design	p. 688
12.6.3 Rudder Design Steps	p. 709
12.7 Aerodynamic Balance and Mass Balance	p. 713
12.7.1 Aerodynamic Balance	p. 715
12.7.2 Mass Balance	p. 722
12.8 Chapter Examples	p. 723
12.8.1 Aileron Design Example	p. 723
12.8.2 Elevator Design Example	p. 729
12.8.3 Rudder Design Example	p. 738
Problems	p. 745
References	p. 752
Appendices	p. 755
Appendix A Standard Atmosphere, SI Units	p. 755
Appendix B Standard Atmosphere, British Units	p. 756
Index	p. 757

Available:*

On Order

Summary

Summary

Author Notes

Reviews 1

Choice Review

Table of Contents