Poque unix forensic analysis

This book addresses topics in the area of forensic analysis of systems running on variants of the UNIX operating system, which is the choice of hackers for their attack platforms. According to a 2007 IDC report, UNIX servers account for the second-largest segment of spending (behind Windows) in the worldwide server market with $4.2 billion in 2Q07, representing 31.7% of corporate server spending. UNIX systems have not been analyzed to any significant depth largely due to a lack of understanding on the part of the investigator, an understanding and knowledge base that has been achieved by the attacker.

The book begins with a chapter to describe why and how the book was written, and for whom, and then immediately begins addressing the issues of live response (volatile) data collection and analysis. The book continues by addressing issues of collecting and analyzing the contents of physical memory (i.e., RAM). The following chapters address /proc analysis, revealing the wealth of significant evidence, and analysis of files created by or on UNIX systems. Then the book addresses the underground world of UNIX hacking and reveals methods and techniques used by hackers, malware coders, and anti-forensic developers. The book then illustrates to the investigator how to analyze these files and extract the information they need to perform a comprehensive forensic analysis. The final chapter includes a detailed discussion of loadable kernel Modules and malware.

Throughout the book the author provides a wealth of unique information, providing tools, techniques and information that won't be found anywhere else.

Author Notes

Chris Pogue has spent the past five years as part of the IBM Ethical Hacking Team. He was tasked with emulating the actions of an actual malicious attacker with the intention of assisting customers to identify and eliminate probable attack vectors. Chris has worked on over 3000 exploitation attempts for both internal IBM systems as well as third party customers. Chris is also a former US Army Warrant Officer and has worked with the Army Reserve Information Operations Command (ARIOC) on Joint Task Force (JTF) missions with the National Security Agency (NSA), Department of Homeland Security, Regional Computer Emergency Response Team-Continental United States (RCERT-CONUS), and the Joint Intelligence Center-Pacific (JICPAC). Chris attended Forensics training at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and holds a Master's degree in Information Security. He is a Certified Information Systems Security Professional (CISSP) and a Certified Ethical Hacker (CEH). Chris also holds a Top Secret (TS) security clearance from the Department of Defense.

Cory Altheide is a Security Engineer at Google, focused on forensics and incident response. Prior to returning to Google, Cory was a principal consultant with MANDIANT, an information security consulting firm that works with the Fortune 500, the defense industrial base and the banks of the world to secure their networks and combat cyber-crime. In this role he responded to numerous incidents for a variety of clients. Cory has authored several papers for the computer forensics journal Digital Investigation and was a contributing author for UNIX and Linux Forensic Analysis (2008) & The Handbook Of Digital Forensics and Investigation (2010). Additionally, Cory is a recurring member of the program committee of the Digital Forensics Research Workshop (DFRWS).

Chapter 1 Introduction	p. 1
History	p. 2
Target Audience	p. 3
What is Covered	p. 3
What is Not Covered	p. 6
Chapter 2 Understanding Unix	p. 9
Introduction	p. 10
Unix, UNIX, Linux, and *nix	p. 10
Linux Distributions	p. 12
Get a Linux!	p. 12
Booting Ubuntu Linux from the LiveCD	p. 15
The Shell	p. 18
All Hail the Shell	p. 20
Essential Commands	p. 20
Highlights of The Linux Security Model	p. 25
The *nix File system Structure	p. 29
Mount points: What the Heck are They?	p. 31
File Systems	p. 34
Ext2/Ext3	p. 35
Summary	p. 37
Chapter 3 Live Response: Data Collection	p. 39
Introduction	p. 40
Prepare the Target Media	p. 41
Mount the Drive	p. 41
Format the Drive	p. 42
Format the Disk with the ext File System	p. 42
Gather Volatile Information	p. 43
Prepare a Case Logbook	p. 43
Acquiring the Image	p. 55
Preparation and Planning	p. 55
DD	p. 56
Bootable *nix ISOs	p. 60
Helix	p. 60
Knoppix	p. 61
BackTrack 2	p. 62
Insert	p. 63
EnCase LinEn	p. 63
FTK Imager	p. 65
ProDiscover	p. 68
Summary	p. 70
Chapter 4 Initial Triage and Live Response: Data Analysis	p. 71
Introduction	p. 72
Initial Triage	p. 72
Log Analysis	p. 74
zgrep	p. 76
Tail	p. 76
More	p. 76
Less	p. 77
Keyword Searches	p. 77
strings /proc/kcore-t d > /tmp/kcore_outfile	p. 78
File and Directory Names	p. 79
IP Addresses and Domain Names	p. 80
Tool Keywords	p. 80
Tricks of the Trade	p. 82
User Activity	p. 86
Shell History	p. 86
Logged on Users	p. 87
Network Connections	p. 89
Running Processes	p. 92
Open File Handlers	p. 95
Summary	p. 98
Chapter 5 The Hacking Top 10	p. 99
Introduction	p. 100
The Hacking Top Ten	p. 104
Netcat	p. 105
Reconnaissance Tools	p. 106
Nmap	p. 106
Nessus	p. 110
Try it Out	p. 111
Configuring Nessus	p. 111
Plug-ins	p. 113
Ports	p. 114
Target	p. 114
Nikto	p. 116
Wireshark	p. 118
Canvas/Core Impact	p. 120
The Metasploit Framework	p. 121
Paros	p. 134
hping2 - Active Network Smashing Tool	p. 138
Ettercap	p. 144
Summary	p. 152
Chapter 6 The /Proc File System	p. 153
Introduction	p. 154
cmdline	p. 155
cpuinfo	p. 155
diskstats	p. 156
driver/rtc	p. 156
filesystems	p. 156
kallsyms (ksyms)	p. 157
kcore	p. 157
modules	p. 158
mounts	p. 158
partitions	p. 159
sys/	p. 159
uptime	p. 159
version	p. 159
Process IDs	p. 159
cmdline	p. 160
cwd	p. 161
environ	p. 161
exe	p. 161
fd	p. 161
loginuid	p. 162
Putting It All Together	p. 162
sysfs	p. 166
modules	p. 166
block	p. 166
Chapter 7 File Analysis	p. 169
The Linux Boot Process	p. 170
init and runlevels	p. 171
System and Security Configuration Files	p. 173
Users, Groups, and Privileges	p. 173
Cron Jobs	p. 176
Log Files	p. 176
Who	p. 177
Where and What	p. 177
Identifying Other Files of Interest	p. 178
SUID and SGID Root Files	p. 178
Recently Modified/Accessed/Created Files	p. 179
Modified System Files	p. 180
Out-of-Place inodes	p. 180
Hidden Files and Hiding Places	p. 181
Chapter 8 Malware	p. 183
Introduction	p. 184
Viruses	p. 185
Storms on the Horizon	p. 188
Do it Yourself with Panda and Clam	p. 190
Download ClamAV	p. 190
Install ClamAV	p. 190
Updating Virus Database with Freshclam	p. 191
Scanning the Target Directory	p. 192
Download Panda Antivirus	p. 193
Install Panda Antivirus	p. 193
Scanning the Target Directory	p. 193
Web References	p. 194
Appendix Implementing Cybercrime Detection Techniques on Windows and *nix	p. 195
Introduction	p. 196
Security Auditing and Log Files	p. 197
Auditing for Windows Platforms	p. 199
Auditing for UNIX and Linux Platforms	p. 206
Firewall Logs, Reports, Alarms, and Alerts	p. 208
Commercial Intrusion Detection Systems	p. 211
Characterizing Intrusion Detection Systems	p. 212
Commercial IDS Players	p. 217
IP Spoofing and Other Antidetection Tactics	p. 218
Honeypots, Honeynets, and Other "Cyberstings"	p. 220
Summary	p. 223
Frequently Asked Questions	p. 226
Index	p. 229

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Table of Contents