Fuel processing : for fuel cells

Title:

Personal Author:

Kolb, Gunther

Publication Information:

Weinheim : Wiley-VCH, 2008

Physical Description:

ix, 424 p. : ill. ; 24 cm.

ISBN:

9783527315819

Subject Term:

Fuel cells

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Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
Searching... PSZ JB	30000010191401	TK2931 K64 2008	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown
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Adopting a unique integrated engineering approach, this text covers all aspects of fuel processing: catalysts, reactors, chemical plant components and integrated system design. While providing an introduction to the subject, it also contains recent research developments, making this an invaluable handbook for chemical, power and process engineers, electrochemists, catalytic chemists, materials scientists and engineers in power technology.

Author Notes

Gunther Kolb was appointed Head of the Energy Technology and Catalysis Department at IMM in 2006. The department's activities are focused on hydrogen technology and fuel processing for fuel cells. He studied chemical engineering and obtained his Ph.D. in reaction engineering at the University of Erlangen in 1993, after which he joined the Federal Export Office in Eschborn to work on the implementation of the Chemical Weapon Convention, in 1995, he joined Grace Davison Europe in Worms working as professional in the Catalyst Evaluation and Catalyst Development departments. In 2001 he joined IMM and was appointed Leader of the Heterogeneous Catalysis and Process Engineering Croup in the same year. He is the author of more than 50 publications in the fields of zeolite catalysis, supercritical fluids and fuel processing in microstructured devices.

Acknowledgement	p. ix
1 Introduction and Outline	p. 1
2 Fundamentals	p. 3
2.1 Common Fossil Fuels	p. 3
2.2 Basic Definitions, Calculations and Legislation	p. 6
2.3 The Various Types of Fuel Cells and the Requirements of the Fuel Processor	p. 12
2.3.1 PEM Fuel Cells	p. 12
2.3.2 High Temperature Fuel Cells	p. 15
3 The Chemistry of Fuel Processing	p. 17
3.1 Steam Reforming	p. 17
3.2 Partial Oxidation	p. 22
3.3 Oxidative Steam Reforming or Autothermal Reforming	p. 29
3.4 Catalytic Cracking of Hydrocarbons	p. 38
3.5 Pre-Reforming of Higher Hydrocarbons	p. 39
3.6 Homogeneous Plasma Reforming of Higher Hydrocarbons	p. 43
3.7 Aqueous Reforming of Bio-Fuels	p. 44
3.8 Processing of Alternative Fuels	p. 44
3.8.1 Dimethyl Ether	p. 44
3.8.2 Methylcyclohexane	p. 45
3.8.3 Sodium Borohydride	p. 45
3.8.4 Ammonia	p. 46
3.9 Desulfurisation	p. 46
3.10 Carbon Monoxide Clean-Up	p. 48
3.10.1 Water-Gas Shift	p. 48
3.10.2 Preferential Oxidation of Carbon Monoxide	p. 49
3.10.3 Methanation	p. 51
3.11 Catalytic Combustion	p. 52
3.12 Coke Formation on Metal Surfaces	p. 52
4 Catalyst Technology for Distributed Fuel Processing Applications	p. 57
4.1 A Brief Introduction to Catalyst Technology and Evaluation	p. 57
4.1.1 Catalyst Activity	p. 58
4.1.2 Catalyst Stability	p. 60
4.1.3 Catalyst Coating Techniques	p. 62
4.1.4 Specific Features Required for Fuel Processing Catalysts in Smaller Scale Applications	p. 68
4.2 Reforming Catalysts	p. 69
4.2.1 Catalysts for Methanol Reforming	p. 72
4.2.2 Catalysts for Ethanol Reforming	p. 77
4.2.3 Overview of Catalysts for Hydrocarbon Reforming	p. 80
4.2.4 Catalysts for Natural Gas/Methane Reforming	p. 81
4.2.5 Catalysts for Reforming of LPG	p. 84
4.2.6 Catalysts for Pre-Reforming of Hydrocarbons	p. 86
4.2.7 Catalysts for Gasoline Reforming	p. 88
4.2.8 Catalysts for Diesel and Kerosene Reforming	p. 92
4.2.9 Cracking Catalysts	p. 96
4.2.10 Deactivation of Reforming Catalysts by Sintering	p. 98
4.2.11 Deactivation of Reforming Catalysts by Coke Formation	p. 98
4.2.12 Deactivation of Reforming Catalysts by Sulfur Poisoning	p. 101
4.3 Catalysts for Hydrogen Generation from Alternative Fuels	p. 105
4.3.1 Dimethyl Ether	p. 105
4.3.2 Methylcyclohexane	p. 106
4.3.3 Sodium Borohydride	p. 107
4.3.4 Ammonia	p. 107
4.4 Desulfurisation Catalysts/Adsorbents	p. 108
4.5 Carbon Monoxide Clean-Up Catalysts	p. 111
4.5.1 Catalysts for Water-Gas Shift	p. 111
4.5.2 Catalysts for the Preferential Oxidation of Carbon Monoxide	p. 116
4.5.3 Methanation Catalysts	p. 123
4.6 Combustion Catalysts	p. 124
5 Fuel Processor Design Concepts	p. 129
5.1 Design of the Reforming Process	p. 129
5.1.1 Steam Reforming	p. 129
5.1.2 Partial Oxidation	p. 146
5.1.3 Autothermal Reforming	p. 149
5.1.4 Catalytic Cracking	p. 154
5.1.5 Pre-Reforming	p. 155
5.2 Design of the Carbon Monoxide Clean-Up Devices	p. 155
5.2.1 Water-Gas Shift	p. 155
5.2.2 Preferential Oxidation of Carbon Monoxide	p. 161
5.2.3 Selective Methanation of Carbon Monoxide	p. 164
5.2.4 Membrane Separation	p. 164
5.2.5 Pressure Swing Adsorption	p. 174
5.3 Aspects of Catalytic Combustion	p. 176
5.4 Design of the Overall Fuel Processor	p. 181
5.4.1 Overall Heat Balance of the Fuel Processor	p. 181
5.4.2 Interplay of the Different Fuel Processor or Components	p. 188
5.4.3 Overall Water Balance of the Fuel Processor	p. 190
5.4.4 Overall Basic Engineering of the Fuel Processor	p. 192
5.4.5 Dynamic Simulation of the Fuel Processor	p. 205
5.4.6 Control Strategies for Fuel Processors	p. 213
5.5 Comparison with Conventional Energy Supply Systems	p. 215
6 Types of Fuel Processing Reactors	p. 217
6.1 Fixed-Bed Reactors	p. 217
6.2 Monolithic Reactors	p. 217
6.3 Plate Heat-Exchanger Reactors	p. 221
6.3.1 Conventional Plate Heat-Exchanger Reactors	p. 223
6.3.2 Microstructured Plate Heat-Exchanger Reactors	p. 225
7 Application of Fuel Processing Reactors	p. 227
7.1 Reforming Reactors	p. 227
7.1.1 Reforming in Fixed-Bed Reactors	p. 227
7.1.2 Reforming in Monolithic Reactors	p. 230
7.1.3 Reforming in Plate Heat-Exchanger Reactors	p. 240
7.1.4 Reforming in Membrane Reactors	p. 254
7.1.5 Reforming in Chip-Like Microreactors	p. 260
7.1.6 Plasmatron Reformers	p. 264
7.2 Water-Gas Shift Reactors	p. 269
7.2.1 Water-Gas Shift in Monolithic Reactors	p. 269
7.2.2 Water-Gas Shift in Plate Heat-Exchanger Reactors	p. 270
7.2.3 Water-Gas Shift in Membrane Reactors	p. 272
7.3 Catalytic Carbon Monoxide Fine Clean-Up	p. 272
7.3.1 Carbon Monoxide Fine Clean-Up in Fixed-Bed Reactors	p. 272
7.3.2 Carbon Monoxide Fine Clean-Up in Monolithic Reactors	p. 273
7.3.3 Carbon Monoxide Fine Clean-Up in Plate Heat-Exchanger Reactors	p. 275
7.3.4 Carbon Monoxide Fine Clean-Up in Membrane Reactors	p. 282
7.4 Membrane Separation Devices	p. 283
7.5 Catalytic Burners	p. 285
8 Balance-of-Plant Components	p. 289
8.1 Heat-Exchangers	p. 289
8.2 Liquid Pumps	p. 290
8.3 Blowers and Compressors	p. 290
8.4 Feed Injection System	p. 292
8.5 Insulation Materials	p. 293
9 Complete Fuel Processor Systems	p. 295
9.1 Methanol Fuel Processors	p. 295
9.2 Ethanol Fuel Processors	p. 316
9.3 Natural Gas Fuel Processors	p. 317
9.4 Fuel Processors for LPG	p. 317
9.5 Gasoline Fuel Processors	p. 332
9.6 Diesel and Kerosine Fuel Processors	p. 344
9.7 Multi-Fuel Processors	p. 348
9.8 Fuel Processors Based on Alternative Fuels	p. 350
10 Introduction of Fuel Processors into the Market Place -Cost and Production Issues	p. 355
10.1 Factors Affecting the Cost of Fuel Processors	p. 355
10.2 Production Techniques for Fuel Processors	p. 359
10.2.1 Fabrication of Ceramic and Metallic Monoliths	p. 359
10.2.2 Fabrication of Plate Heat-Exchangers/Reactors	p. 361
10.2.3 Fabrication of Microchannels	p. 365
10.2.4 Fabrication of Chip-Like Microreactors	p. 367
10.2.5 Fabrication of Membranes for Hydrogen Separation	p. 369
10.2.6 Automated Catalyst Coating	p. 370
References	p. 373
Index	p. 409

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Summary

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Author Notes

Table of Contents