Optical switching

While much has been published on the subject in individual articles, this text is the first to cohesively present optical switching in a single book. The three authors examine and discuss all the challenges involved in the commercialization of optical switching. Readers are brought up to date with the latest advances in research as well as the technological hurdles that researchers.

Author Notes

Georgios Papadimitriou is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Informatics, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece.

Preface	p. xi
About the Authors	p. xv
1 Introduction	p. 1
1.1 The Evolution of Optical Networks	p. 2
1.1.1 Broadcast-and-Select Networks	p. 5
1.1.2 Wavelength-Routed Networks	p. 7
1.2 View of the Current Network	p. 8
1.3 Optical Networking	p. 11
1.4 Switching in Optical Networks	p. 13
1.4.1 Optical Switching	p. 14
1.4.2 Opaque Switching	p. 15
1.4.3 Challenges for Optical Switching	p. 16
1.5 Optical Switching Paradigms	p. 18
References	p. 20
2 Optical Switches	p. 23
2.1 Parameters Used for Switch Performance Evaluation	p. 23
2.2 Applications of Optical Switches	p. 25
2.2.1 Optical Crossconnects	p. 25
2.2.2 Protection and Restoration	p. 26
2.2.3 Optical Add/Drop Multiplexing	p. 28
2.2.4 Optical Signal Monitoring	p. 28
2.2.5 Network Provisioning	p. 29
2.3 Optical Switch Fabrics	p. 29
2.3.1 Optomechanical Switches	p. 30
2.3.2 Optical Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (Optical MEMS)	p. 30
2.3.3 Electro-Optic Switches	p. 36
2.3.4 Thermo-Optic Switches	p. 37
2.3.5 Liquid-Crystal Switches	p. 38
2.3.6 Bubble Switches	p. 40
2.3.7 Acousto-Optic Switches	p. 41
2.3.8 Semiconductor Optical Amplifier Switches	p. 42
2.3.9 All-Optical Switches	p. 42
2.4 Building Large Switches	p. 42
References	p. 50
3 Optical Packet Switching	p. 55
3.1 Introduction	p. 55
3.2 Design Alternatives for Optical Packet Switches	p. 56
3.2.1 Synchronous versus Asynchronous Optical Packet Switching	p. 56
3.2.2 Header Format, Transmission, and Processing	p. 58
3.2.3 Electronic versus Optical Control	p. 61
3.2.4 Optical Switch Fabric Technology and Architecture	p. 62
3.3 Enabling Technologies for Optical Packet Switching	p. 63
3.3.1 All-Optical 3R Regeneration	p. 64
3.3.2 All-Optical Packet Delineation and Synchronization	p. 65
3.3.3 All-Optical Signal Processing	p. 65
3.3.4 All-Optical Buffering	p. 66
3.3.5 All-Optical Packet Switch Fabrics	p. 66
3.3.6 All-Optical Wavelength Conversion	p. 67
3.4 General Architecture of an Optical Packet Switch	p. 69
3.5 Wavelength Conversion in Optical Packet Switching	p. 71
3.5.1 Limited Range Wavelength Converters	p. 78
3.6 Contention Resolution in Optical Packet Switches	p. 79
3.6.1 Buffering	p. 79
3.6.2 Deflection Routing	p. 84
3.6.3 Discussion	p. 85
3.7 Quality of Service Support	p. 86
3.8 Optical Packet Switch Architectures	p. 87
3.8.1 KEOPS	p. 88
3.8.2 WASPNET	p. 90
3.8.3 The Data-Vortex Packet Switch	p. 92
3.9 Metropolitan Area Packet Switched Networks	p. 95
3.9.1 The Hornet Project	p. 98
3.9.2 The David Project	p. 100
3.9.3 The RingO Project	p. 103
References	p. 107
4 Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching	p. 113
4.1 Introduction	p. 113
4.2 Multiprotocol Label Switching	p. 115
4.2.1 MPLS Operation	p. 115
4.2.2 Label Distribution	p. 117
4.2.3 Traffic Engineering	p. 124
4.2.4 Constraint-Based Routing	p. 127
4.2.5 Extensions to Routing Protocols	p. 129
4.2.6 Extensions to Signaling Protocols	p. 131
4.3 Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching	p. 133
4.3.1 Introduction	p. 133
4.3.2 Overview of GMPLS	p. 136
4.3.3 Fundamental GMPLS Features	p. 138
4.4 The GMPLS Protocol Suite	p. 146
4.4.1 Routing Protocols	p. 147
4.4.2 Signaling Protocols	p. 152
4.4.3 Link Management Protocol	p. 157
4.5 Automatically Switched Optical Network (ASON)	p. 160
4.5.1 The ASON Architecture	p. 161
4.5.2 ASON and GMPLS	p. 163
References	p. 166
5 Optical Burst Switching	p. 171
5.1 Network and Node Architecture	p. 173
5.1.1 Wavelength-Routed Optical Burst Switched Networks	p. 177
5.1.2 Labeled Optical Burst Switching	p. 179
5.2 Burst Assembly	p. 181
5.2.1 Burst Assembly Algorithms	p. 182
5.2.2 Predictive Assembly Algorithms	p. 186
5.3 Signaling	p. 187
5.3.1 The JumpStart Signaling Architecture	p. 193
5.4 Routing and Wavelength Assignment in OBS Networks	p. 195
5.4.1 Routing	p. 196
5.4.2 Wavelength Assignment	p. 197
5.5 Burst Scheduling	p. 202
5.5.1 Scheduling Algorithms Without Void Filling	p. 204
5.5.2 Scheduling Algorithms with Void Filling	p. 206
5.5.3 Efficient Implementations of Scheduling Algorithms	p. 209
5.5.4 Other Approaches to Burst Scheduling	p. 210
5.6 Contention Resolution	p. 212
5.6.1 Deflection Routing in OBS Networks	p. 213
5.6.2 Burst Segmentation	p. 214
5.6.3 Prioritized Contention Resolution	p. 221
5.7 Quality of Service Support	p. 223
5.7.1 Offset-Based QoS	p. 224
5.7.2 Other Schemes for QoS Support	p. 227
5.8 Protection and Restoration	p. 228
5.8.1 1 + 1 Protection in OBS Networks	p. 229
5.8.2 Restoration via Deflection Routing	p. 231
5.8.3 Reliability in OBS Networks	p. 232
5.9 Multicasting	p. 233
References	p. 235
Index	p. 241

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