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Summary
Summary
Customers are demanding it, industry regulations are requiring it, and competitive pressures are making it a must for doing business in the high-tech marketplace. It is ISO 9000 certification and nearly half a million companies worldwide have implemented quality management systems to gain this sought after certification. This guide shows the ins and outs of designing a quality management system that is fully compliant with ISO 9001:2000. It unravels the complexities of the ISO standards so that quality professionals can make the upgrade quickly and effectively. Based on the author's experience of working in ISO certification, the volume can also be used as a tool for quality professionals who must design from scratch quality management systems.
Author Notes
Jay J. Schlickman received his B.S. and M.S. in physics from Northeastern University.
Schlickman is an RAB certified quality management systems lead auditor; an RAB qualified ISO 9001:2000 auditor; a certified Canadian medical devices conformity assessment system auditor; and quality management systems consultant based in Lexington MA. He is a Life Member of the Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE), a member of the American Physical Society (APS), and a member of the American Society for Quality (ASQ).
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Table of Contents
Preface | p. xvii |
Acknowledgments | p. xxiii |
Part I QMS Design Fundamentals | p. 1 |
1 QMS Foundations | p. 3 |
1.1 The Relevance of Standards | p. 3 |
1.2 Core Competencies | p. 4 |
1.3 Selection of a QMS Baseline | p. 7 |
Endnotes | p. 8 |
2 The ISO 9001:2000 QMS | p. 11 |
2.1 The ISO 9000 QMS Design Context | p. 11 |
2.2 Effective QMS Processes | p. 12 |
2.3 The ISO 9000 QMS Process Model | p. 14 |
Endnotes | p. 16 |
3 QMS Continual Improvement Framework | p. 17 |
3.1 Continuous/Continual Improvement Is Inherent | p. 17 |
3.2 Continuous Improvement Cycle Within Elements | p. 23 |
3.3 Mandatory Documentation Requirements | p. 24 |
Endnotes | p. 30 |
Part II QMS Documentation Design | p. 33 |
4 Recommended QMS Documentation | p. 35 |
4.1 Overview of Documentation Requirements | p. 35 |
4.2 The Four-Tier Pyramid Concept | p. 37 |
4.3 The ISO 9001:2000 QMS Is To Be Documented | p. 42 |
Endnotes | p. 47 |
5 Quality Manual Design | p. 49 |
5.1 A Quality Manual Is a Mandatory Document | p. 49 |
5.2 The Quality Manual Controversy | p. 54 |
5.3 Strategic Framework for the Manual | p. 60 |
5.4 Cross-Functional Manual Action Teams | p. 66 |
5.5 SHALL Analysis | p. 67 |
5.6 Manual Section Length | p. 73 |
5.7 Concomitance | p. 73 |
5.8 Nonapplicability of Specific SHALLS | p. 81 |
5.9 Appropriate Detail Level | p. 82 |
5.10 Level of Detail in Practice | p. 85 |
5.11 Pyramid for a Manual | p. 87 |
5.12 Quality Manual Sequences | p. 89 |
5.13 Manual Configurations | p. 123 |
5.14 Multidivisional Manuals | p. 129 |
5.15 Sector-Specific Manuals | p. 132 |
5.16 Potential Manual Readership | p. 138 |
5.17 Manual Objectives | p. 140 |
Endnotes | p. 142 |
6 Process Document Design | p. 147 |
6.1 The Process Document | p. 147 |
6.2 The Trouble with Tier II | p. 151 |
6.3 ISO 9000 Quality Plans--Optional | p. 156 |
6.4 Process Flow Charts | p. 160 |
Endnotes | p. 162 |
7 Procedure Design | p. 163 |
7.1 Some Procedures Are Mandatory Documents | p. 163 |
7.2 The Special Case of Work Instructions--Optional | p. 164 |
Endnote | p. 165 |
8 Forms and the Control of Records | p. 167 |
8.1 Forms Versus Records | p. 167 |
8.2 Records Are Mandatory Documents | p. 170 |
8.3 The Records Master List | p. 175 |
Endnotes | p. 177 |
9 Other Mandatory Documents | p. 179 |
9.1 Shall Analysis of Other Mandatory Documents | p. 179 |
9.2 The Special Case of Product Characteristics | p. 180 |
9.3 Mandatory Organizational Requirements | p. 181 |
9.4 Mandatory Effective Implementation Requirement | p. 185 |
9.5 Nonmandatory Sensible Requirements | p. 186 |
9.6 Special Mandatory Requirements | p. 187 |
9.7 Mandated Standards and Codes Requirement | p. 188 |
Endnotes | p. 189 |
Part III QMS Implementation | p. 191 |
10 The Quality Manual Scope of Effort | p. 193 |
10.1 Estimates | p. 193 |
10.2 Discussion | p. 194 |
11 Hub Documents | p. 197 |
11.1 Definition | p. 197 |
11.2 Hub Template | p. 197 |
12 Quality Manual Issues | p. 201 |
12.1 Hard-Copy Manual Issues | p. 201 |
12.2 Online Manual Issues | p. 202 |
Endnotes | p. 204 |
13 Leadership | p. 205 |
13.1 ISO 9000 Stewardship | p. 205 |
13.2 The Stewards Take Our Temperature | p. 207 |
13.3 Team Leaders | p. 211 |
13.4 Certification Audits | p. 220 |
Endnotes | p. 230 |
Part IV QMS Effectiveness | p. 233 |
14 The Biggest Change in ISO 9001:2000 from ISO 9001:1994 | p. 235 |
15 Quality Objectives | p. 237 |
15.1 Quality Objectives Issue | p. 237 |
15.2 The Components of a Quality Objective | p. 238 |
15.3 The Framework for Quality Objectives | p. 241 |
15.4 Universal Quality Objectives Process | p. 242 |
Endnotes | p. 244 |
Part V QMS Styles | p. 245 |
16 Readership and Form | p. 247 |
16.1 Which Comes First? The Manual, the Processes, or the Procedures? | p. 247 |
16.2 Par. 4.2.1 of the Standard | p. 248 |
Endnote | p. 250 |
17 The Adverse Effects of Paraphrasing | p. 251 |
17.1 The Two Classes of Paraphrasing | p. 251 |
17.2 Paraphrased Class I Characteristics | p. 252 |
17.3 Paraphrased Class II Characteristics | p. 253 |
17.4 Conclusions | p. 255 |
18 Publication Media | p. 259 |
18.1 Selection of a Publication Media (Hard-Copy Versus Electronic) | p. 259 |
18.2 Generic Numbering System | p. 262 |
Endnotes | p. 263 |
19 Writing Style | p. 265 |
19.1 Contain Paragraphs and Sentences That Are Variable in Length, but Short | p. 265 |
19.2 Use Simple Declarative Sentences | p. 265 |
19.3 Avoid Redundancy, [i.e., repeated material] | p. 266 |
19.4 Stress the Active Voice (Subject, Verb, Object) | p. 266 |
19.5 Clearly Label Section Content | p. 266 |
19.6 Build a Useful Table of Contents (TOC) | p. 266 |
19.7 Minimize Organizational Jargon, but Keep the Industry Language | p. 267 |
19.8 Write To Be Understood, Not to Impress | p. 268 |
19.9 Clearly Define Terms | p. 268 |
19.10 Effectively Link the Reader to Referenced Documents | p. 268 |
19.11 Use Bullets or Equivalent Symbols Wherever Possible | p. 268 |
19.12 Avoid Words That End in "ing" | p. 269 |
19.13 Use the Spell Checker, and Then Don't Believe It | p. 269 |
19.14 Use Graphics Whenever Possible for Tables, Figures, and Flow Charts | p. 269 |
19.15 Avoid the Future Tense--Stay with the Present Tense | p. 269 |
Endnotes | p. 270 |
Part VI QMS Design Rule Summary | p. 271 |
20 Issue Resolution | p. 273 |
20.1 Proposal | p. 273 |
20.2 Benefits | p. 276 |
Endnote | p. 278 |
21 QMS Documentation and Implementation Design Rules | p. 279 |
21.1 Design Rule Tables | p. 279 |
21.2 Closing Invitation to the Case Studies | p. 283 |
Endnotes | p. 284 |
Part VII Two Case Studies | p. 285 |
22 Case Study #1: The Growth Corporation Upgrades to ISO 9001:2000 | p. 287 |
22.1 Choice Point | p. 287 |
22.2 Application Notes to the Upgraded Quality Manual | p. 291 |
22.3 The Upgraded ISO 9001:2000 Quality Manual: Cover Page and Table of Contents | p. 292 |
22.4 Quality Management System (QMS) | p. 295 |
22.5 Management Responsibility | p. 306 |
22.6 Resource Management | p. 317 |
22.7 Product Realization | p. 320 |
22.8 Measurement, Analysis, and Improvement | p. 337 |
23 Case Study #2: Mike's Advice on ISO 9001:2000 from the Ground Floor Up | p. 349 |
23.1 The Phone Call | p. 349 |
23.2 The Certification Plan from the Ground Floor Up | p. 350 |
Appendix A ISO 9000 Stewardship and Team Leader Summary | p. 355 |
Appendix B Further Examples of Quality Policy Statements | p. 357 |
Appendix C Checklist for ISO 9001:2000 Element 4.2.3: Control of Documents Quality Manual Requirements | p. 359 |
Appendix D An Example of Excellent's Process Flow-Charting Protocol | p. 361 |
About the Author | p. 363 |
Index | p. 365 |