Hydraulic power system analysis

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The excitement and the glitz of mechatronics has shifted the engineering community's attention away from fluid power systems in recent years. However, fluid power still remains advantageous in many applications compared to electrical or mechanical power transmission methods. Designers are left with few practical resources to help in the design and analysis of fluid power systems, especially when approaching fluid power for the first time.

Helping you overcome these hurdles, Hydraulic Power System Analysis demonstrates modern computer-aided analytical techniques used to model nonlinear, dynamic fluid power systems. Following an overview of fluid power, the authors examine various relevant fluid properties, energy calculations, and steady state and dynamic analysis along with a review of automatic control theory. Turning to modeling, the next few chapters address valves and motors and then apply dynamic modeling to examples relating to pumps, hydrostatic transmissions, and valves. The book includes a unique chapter showing how to combine flow resistance equations with the differential equations governing dynamic system performance. The final chapter translates electrical circuit theory concepts to noise attenuation in fluid power systems.

Illustrated with many equations, practical computer modeling examples, and exercises, Hydraulic Power System Analysis provides a much-needed modernization of dynamic modeling for fluid power systems using powerful computational tools.

1 Introduction	p. 1
1.1 What Is Fluid Power?	p. 1
1.2 A Brief History of Fluid Power	p. 2
1.3 Fluid Power Applications, Present and Future	p. 3
1.4 Advantages of Using Fluid Power Systems	p. 4
1.5 A Probable Future Development	p. 5
2 Properties of Fluids and Their Units	p. 7
2.1 Basic Properties of Fluids	p. 7
2.1.1 Example: Conversion Between Viscosity Units	p. 11
2.2 Compressibility of Liquids	p. 12
2.2.1 Example: Bulk Modulus of Multiple Containers	p. 17
2.2.2 Example: The Oil Spring	p. 22
3 Steady State Modeling	p. 31
3.1 Rationale for Model Development	p. 31
3.2 Source of Equations	p. 32
3.3 Conservation of Flow and Energy	p. 34
3.4 Friction Losses in Pipes and Fittings	p. 36
3.5 Basic Component Equations	p. 38
3.6 Worked Examples	p. 40
3.6.1 Example: Oil Temperature Rise in a Hydrostatic Transmission System	p. 41
3.6.2 Example: A Pump Driving a Motor	p. 44
3.6.3 Example: Using International System Units (SI)	p. 49
3.6.4 Example: Incorporating Pump and Motor Efficiency Values	p. 52
3.6.5 Example: Performance of a Flow Regulator Valve	p. 56
3.6.6 Example: Using an Accumulator	p. 60
3.7 Discussion	p. 67
4 Dynamic Modeling	p. 77
4.1 Development of Analytical Methods	p. 77
4.2 Software Options	p. 78
4.2.1 Equation Solutions	p. 78
4.2.2 Graphical Solutions	p. 79
4.2.3 Fluid Power Graphical Symbol Solutions	p. 79
4.3 Dynamic Effects	p. 79
4.3.1 Fluid Compliance	p. 80
4.3.2 Newton's Second Law Effects	p. 81
4.4 Worked Examples	p. 82
4.4.1 Example: Actuator Controlled by a Servovalve	p. 82
4.4.2 Example: Hydromechanical Servo	p. 89
4.5 Modeling Hints and Tips	p. 95
4.6 Discussion	p. 98
5 Linear Systems Analysis	p. 101
5.1 Introduction	p. 101
5.2 Linear Systems	p. 102
5.3 The Laplace Transform	p. 102
5.4 Inversion, the Heaviside Expansion Method	p. 109
5.4.1 Repeated Roots in Practice	p. 113
5.4.2 Worked Example of Inversion	p. 114
5.5 Stability	p. 115
5.6 Block Diagrams	p. 116
5.6.1 Consolidation of Block Diagrams	p. 118
5.6.2 Block Diagram for a Spring-Mass-Damper System	p. 119
5.7 Spring-Mass-Damper Time Response to Unit Step Force	p. 121
5.8 Time Constant	p. 125
6 Frequency Response and Feedback	p. 133
6.1 Introduction	p. 133
6.1.1 Heuristic Description	p. 134
6.2 Mathematics of Frequency Response	p. 134
6.3 Frequency Response Diagrams	p. 136
6.4 Using Frequency Response to Find Controller Gain	p. 145
6.4.1 Example: Hydromechanical Servo Revisited	p. 147
6.5 Summary	p. 158
7 Valves and Their Uses	p. 163
7.1 Introduction	p. 163
7.2 Directional Control Valves	p. 164
7.2.1 Flow Force on a Spool	p. 167
7.2.2 Analysis of Spool Valves	p. 170
7.2.3 Linearized Valve Coefficients	p. 172
7.2.4 Example: Using the Valve Coefficients	p. 174
7.2.5 Comments on the Worked Example	p. 178
7.3 Special Directional Control Valves, Regeneration	p. 180
7.4 Flapper Nozzle Valve	p. 182
7.5 Flow Control Elements	p. 185
7.6 Relief Valves	p. 187
7.6.1 Direct Acting Type	p. 187
7.6.2 Pilot Operated Type	p. 189
7.7 Unloading Valve	p. 189
7.8 Pressure Reducing Valve	p. 191
7.9 Pressure Sequencing Valve	p. 193
7.10 Counterbalance Valve	p. 195
7.11 Flow Regulator Valve	p. 198
8 Pumps and Motors	p. 209
8.1 Configuration of Pumps and Motors	p. 209
8.2 Pump and Motor Analysis	p. 218
8.2.1 Example: Drive for a Hoist	p. 220
8.3 Leakage	p. 221
8.3.1 Example: Estimating Pump Performance Coefficient C[subscript s]	p. 224
8.4 Form of Characteristic Curves	p. 225
8.4.1 Volumetric Efficiency	p. 225
8.4.2 Torque Efficiency	p. 227
8.4.3 Example: Estimating Motor Performance	p. 231
8.4.4 Overall Efficiency	p. 232
9 Axial Piston Pumps and Motors	p. 241
9.1 Pressure During a Transition	p. 241
9.1.1 Simulation of the Pressure Transition	p. 243
9.1.2 Results of the Simulation	p. 245
9.2 Torque Affected by Pressure Transition - Axial Piston Pump	p. 248
9.2.1 Effect on Torque if the Pressure Change at Transition Is not Immediate	p. 250
9.3 Torque and Flow Variation with Angle for Multicylinder Pumps	p. 251
9.3.1 Noise	p. 254
10 Hydrostatic Transmissions	p. 257
10.1 Introduction	p. 257
10.2 Performance Envelope	p. 259
10.3 Hydrostatic Transmission Physical Features	p. 261
10.4 Hydrostatic Transmission Dynamic Analysis	p. 262
10.4.1 Example: The Soil Bin Drive	p. 266
10.4.2 Final Comments on the Soil Bin Example	p. 269
11 Pressure Regulating Valve	p. 277
11.1 Purpose of Valve	p. 277
11.2 Operation of Valve	p. 278
11.3 Mathematical Model of Valve	p. 280
11.4 Effect of Damping	p. 283
11.4.1 Example: Solution of Model	p. 285
12 Valve Model Expansion	p. 291
12.1 Basic Valve Model	p. 291
12.2 Model Expansion	p. 293
12.2.1 Example: Solution of Model	p. 296
12.3 An Assessment of Modeling	p. 298
13 Flow Division	p. 299
13.1 Introduction	p. 299
13.2 The Hydraulic Ohm Method	p. 299
13.3 Brief Review of DC Electrical Circuit Analysis	p. 300
13.3.1 Methods of Solving DC Networks	p. 301
13.3.2 Motor and Resistance Equivalence	p. 303
13.4 Fluid Power Circuit Basic Relationships	p. 304
13.5 Consolidation of Fluid Power Resistances	p. 307
13.5.1 Example: Invariant Resistances	p. 308
13.5.2 Example: Resistance Dependent on Flow	p. 311
13.6 Application to Unsteady State Flow	p. 313
13.6.1 Example: The Resistance Network Method Applied to Unsteady Flow	p. 315
13.6.2 Example Results and Discussion	p. 322
13.7 Conclusions	p. 329
14 Noise Control	p. 335
14.1 Introduction	p. 335
14.2 Discussion of Method	p. 336
14.3 Mathematical Model	p. 337
14.3.1 Derivation of Fluid Analogies to Resistance, Inductance, and Capacitance	p. 338
14.3.2 Example: Impedance	p. 344
14.3.3 Development of a Lumped Parameter Model	p. 347
14.3.4 Example: Curing Noise from Tractor Hydraulics	p. 350
14.4 Effect of Entrained Air in Fluid	p. 352
14.5 Further Discussion of the Mathematical Model	p. 353
14.6 Other Methods of Noise Control	p. 353
14.7 Damping Methods	p. 355
Index	p. 359

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