Perinatal stem cells

Normally discarded as medical waste, perinatal stem cells are an incredible source of stem cells and are gaining phenomenal research attention for their potential to become a more powerful alternative to the controversial embryonic stem cells. In response to this growing field, this book provides a thorough tutorial on the current state of the art in perinatal stem cells.

Presented by a panel of authorities whose expertise reaches from research to hematology to tissue engineering and beyond, this important volume covers all of the sources of stem cells found throughout pregnancy, revealing the underlying biology and potential therapeutic uses of each:

Post-gestational maternal peripheral blood

Umbilical cord blood

Wharton's jelly

Amniotic fluid

Amnion lining the amniotic cavity

Umbilical vein

Chorionic mesenchymal stromal cells

Multi-potent cells

Placenta stem cells

This book is a bountiful source for researchers, graduate students, cell biologists, gene therapists, obstetricians and gynecologists, and professionals engaged in regenerative medicine and developmental biology.

Richard L. Haspel and Karen K. BallenRouzbeh R. Taghizadeh and James L. SherleyChristian BreymannDaniel Surbek and Anna Wagner and Andreina SchoeberleinLaurent Boissel and Monica Betancur and Hans Klingemann and James MarchandBarbara Lutjemeier and Deryl L. Troyer and Mark L. WeissCurtis L. Cetrulo, Jr. and Margaret J. StarnesTaxiarchis Kourelis and Duraisamy Kempuraj and Akrivi Manola and Theoharis C. TheoharidesMing-Song TsaiFabio Marongiu and Roberto Gramignoli and Toshio Miki and Aarati Ranade and Ewa C.S. Ellis and Kenneth Dorko and Stephen C. Strom and Julio C. DavilaHo-Jin Park and Yali Zhang and Jack Naggar and Serban P. Georgescu and Dequen Kong and Jonas B. GalperKatrin E. Rhodes and Hanna K.A. MikkolaMichèle Leduc and Selim Aractingi and Kiarash Khosrotehrani

Preface	p. xi
Contributors	p. xiii
Introduction: Perinatal Stem Cells	p. xv
1 Cord Blood Transplants: Perinatal Stem Cells in Clinical Practice	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplants: Adult Donor Collection	p. 1
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplants: Adult Donor Testing	p. 2
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplants: Recipient Issues	p. 3
Collection and Processing of Cord Blood Units	p. 4
Bone Marrow versus Single Cord Blood: Pediatric	p. 5
Bone Marrow versus Cord Blood: Adults	p. 6
Cord Blood Transplant: Advantages and Disadvantages	p. 7
Double Cord Blood Transplants: Ablative Regimens	p. 8
Double Cord Blood Transplant: Non-Myeloablative Regimens	p. 9
Chimerism	p. 10
Predicting the Winner	p. 12
Are Two Cords Better Than One?	p. 13
Other Experimental Strategies	p. 14
Summary	p. 14
References	p. 14
2 Expanding the Therapeutic Potential of Umbilical Cord Blood Hematopoietic Stem Cells	p. 21
Introduction: Hematopoietic Stem Cells, the Therapeutic Distributed Stem Cells in Umbilical Cord Blood	p. 21
Biological Barriers to Hematopoietic Stem Cell Therapy	p. 24
Umbilical Cord Blood: An Ideal Source of Therapeutic Hematopoietic Stem Cells	p. 27
Shortcomings of Ex Vivo HSC Expansion Strategies	p. 29
A Novel Strategy With Potential to Enable Ex Vivo Expansion of Umbilical Cord Blood Hematopoietic Stem Cells	p. 32
Acknowledgments	p. 34
References	p. 35
3 Use of Fetal Cells In Regenerative Medicine	p. 41
Introduction	p. 41
Principles of Tissue Engineering	p. 42
Cell Sources for Tissue Engineering	p. 43
Examples of Possible Use and Implications of Perinatal Stem Cells	p. 43
Placental Derived Stem Cells (Chorionic, Amniotic Membranes)	p. 44
Amniotic Derived Stem Cells (hAMSC/Placental!)	p. 44
Amniotic Fluid-Derived Stem Cells (Nonplacental!)	p. 45
Conclusion	p. 46
References	p. 48
4 Perinatal Stem Cell Therapy	p. 51
The Fetus as Recipient for Pre-and Perinatal Stem Cell Transplantation	p. 51
Prenatal Cell Transplantation: Current Experience	p. 52
How Do We Improve the Success of Prenatal Stem Cell Transplantation?	p. 53
Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Prenatal Transplantation	p. 54
Fetal Gene Therapy as a New Strategy	p. 54
Current Issues of Postnatal Gene Therapy	p. 55
Prenatal Gene Therapy	p. 57
Animal Models of Prenatal Gene Therapy	p. 58
Fetal Gene Therapy Targeting Hematopoietic Stem Cells	p. 58
Safety Aspects of Prenatal Gene Therapy	p. 59
Ethical Considerations	p. 60
References	p. 60
5 Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells	p. 69
Preparation and Culture of UC-MSC	p. 69
Characteristics-Properties and Bone Marrow Comparison	p. 71
UC-MSC as Feeder Layer for Expansion of Human Cells	p. 73
Clinical Indications for UC-MSC	p. 75
References	p. 75
6 Wharton's Jelly-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells	p. 79
Mesenchymal Stromal Cells	p. 79
Immunophenotype of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells	p. 81
MSCs are Multipotent Cells	p. 81
MSC and Stromal Support of the Stem Cell Niche	p. 81
Defining Primitive Stromal Cells: Differences between Fetal and Adult MSCs	p. 81
Umbilical Cord MSCs	p. 82
Characterization of Wharton's Jelly Derived Cells	p. 83
Other MSC-Like Cells from Umbilical Cord	p. 83
Comparison of WJCs to Adult Derived MSCs	p. 84
In Vitro Differentiation of WJCs	p. 85
Comparison of WJCs to Fetal MSCs	p. 86
Transplantation of WJCs	p. 86
WJCs as Primitive Stromal Cells	p. 89
Summary	p. 90
Acknowledgments	p. 90
References	p. 90
7 Perinatal Endothelial Progenitor Cells	p. 95
The Role of Vascular Stem Cells in Postnatal Blood Vessel Formation: Endothelial Progenitor Cells and Postnatal Vasculogenesis	p. 95
Sources of Endothelial Progenitor Cells	p. 96
EPCs, Vasculogenesis and Angiogenesis	p. 96
EPCs and Tissue Engineering	p. 97
EPCs and Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering	p. 98
The Future: Vascularized Engineered Tissue	p. 99
References	p. 99
8 Umbilical Cord Derived Mast Cells as Models for The Study of Inflammatory Diseases	p. 103
Introduction	p. 103
Mast Cell Triggers	p. 106
Mast Cell Mediators	p. 109
Selective Release of Mast Cell Mediators	p. 111
Natural Mast Cell Secretion Inhibitors	p. 112
Mast-T Cell Interaction	p. 113
Inflammatory Skin Diseases	p. 113
Fibromyalgia Syndrome	p. 115
Asthma	p. 117
Inflammatory Arthritis	p. 119
Coronary Inflammation	p. 120
Ocular Hypersensitivity Reactions	p. 122
Conclusion	p. 122
References	p. 123
9 Amniotic Fluid Derived Stem Cells	p. 147
Introduction	p. 147
Amniotic Fluid Cells	p. 147
The Discovery of Stem Cells in Amniotic Fluid	p. 149
Cultivation of Amniotic Fluid Derived Stem Cells	p. 150
Characteristics of Amniotic Fluid Derived Stem Cells	p. 150
Differentiation Potential of Amniotic Fluid Stem Cells	p. 153
Amniotic Fluid as a Promising Alternative Source for Neural Stem Cells	p. 153
Current Applications of Amniotic Fluid Stem Cells in Therapy	p. 155
Amniotic Fluid Stem Cells Banking	p. 155
References	p. 155
10 Amniotic Epithelial Stem Cells in Regenerative Medicine	p. 159
Introduction	p. 159
Amnion and Its Properties	p. 160
Isolation and Culture of hAE Cells	p. 160
Stem Cell Characteristics of Amniotic Epithelium-Derived Cells	p. 161
Differentiation of hAE Cells	p. 162
Future Directions	p. 163
Conclusions	p. 164
Acknowledgment	p. 165
References	p. 165
11 Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells and Human Dermal Microvascular Endothelial Cells Offer New Insights into the Relationship Between Lipid Metabolism, Angiogenesis, and Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm	p. 169
Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells	p. 169
Role of Angiogenesis in the Pathophysiology of Disease	p. 170
HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors have Therapeutic Effects that are Both Dependent and Independent of Cholesterol Lowering	p. 171
Studies of the Effects of Statins on Angiogenesis Using Both In Vivo Models and In Vitro HUVEC and HDMEC Models for Angiogenesis	p. 171
References	p. 185
12 Hematopoietic Stem Cell Development in the Placenta	p. 189
Introduction	p. 189
The Hematopoietic System	p. 189
Historical Perspective on Placental Hematopoiesis	p. 190
Development and Structure of the Mouse Placenta	p. 192
Hematopoietic Activity in the Mouse Placenta	p. 193
Phenotype of Placental HSCs	p. 194
Origin and Localization of Placental HSCs	p. 195
Summary and Future Directions	p. 198
References	p. 199
13 Fetal Cell Microchimerism, A Low-Grade Naturally Occurring Cell Therapy	p. 203
Introduction	p. 203
The Placenta is a Source of Stem Cells	p. 203
Transfer of Fetal Progenitor Cells During Gestation	p. 204
Fetal Progenitor Cells in Maternal Tissues	p. 205
Future Therapies	p. 206
References	p. 207
Index	p. 209

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