Biomechanics of the upper limbs : mechanics, modelling, and musculoskeletal injuries

Title:

Personal Author:

Freivalds, Andris

Publication Information:

London : Taylor & Francis, 2004

ISBN:

9780748409266

Subject Term:

Arm -- Wounds and injuries

Hand -- Wounds and injuries

Human mechanics

Overuse injuries

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Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
Searching... PSZ JB	30000010063896	RD557 F73 2004	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown

The repetitive tasks of various forms of manual work can lead to cumulative trauma disorders, increasing staff burn-out rates and the number of sick-days taken by employees. In addition, interest in upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders has grown as the service sector has claimed a larger share of the workforce. These factors introduce the need for an up-to-date text that combines basic biomechanics with practical bioengineering issues.

Biomechanics of the Upper Limbs: Mechanics, Modeling, and Musculoskeletal Injuries is an engineering oriented book focusing on upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders, as opposed to the more general introductions to cumulative trauma disorders and medical management related books. It covers musculoskeletal components of the upper extremities, their models, and the measurement and prediction of injury potential. Students and professionals will find it provides an excellent basic grounding in the subject.

Topics include:
A basic introduction to biomechanical principles
Gross structure of the musculoskeletal system, including bone and soft tissue
Organization of muscles and muscle anatomy, types of fibers, contractile theories, and muscle receptors
Modeling of muscle mechanics
Models of the upper limbs
Types of musculoskeletal disorders and the scientific evidence for risk factors, as well as epidemiology
Instrumentation for motion, pressure, force and nerve conduction measurements, and electromyography
Job and worksite analysis
Hand tools
Office environment seating and computer devices

1 Introduction to Biomechanics	p. 1
1.1 What Is Biomechanics?	p. 1
1.2 Basic Concepts	p. 2
1.3 Coordinate Systems	p. 3
1.4 Force Vector Algebra	p. 5
1.5 Static Equilibrium	p. 8
1.6 Anthropometry and Center of Mass Determination	p. 14
1.7 Friction	p. 20
1.8 Dynamics	p. 23
Questions	p. 28
Problems	p. 29
References	p. 31
2 Structure of the Musculoskeletal System	p. 33
2.1 Gross Overview of Movements	p. 33
2.2 The Skeletal System	p. 35
2.3 Mechanical Properties of Bone	p. 40
2.4 Soft Connective Tissue	p. 44
2.5 Joints	p. 46
2.5.1 Articular Joints	p. 46
2.5.2 Joint Lubrication	p. 49
2.5.3 Wear and Osteoarthritis	p. 50
2.5.4 Cartilaginous Joints	p. 50
Questions	p. 52
Problems	p. 52
References	p. 53
3 Neuromuscular Physiology and Motor Control	p. 55
3.1 Introduction to Musculature	p. 55
3.2 Structure of Muscle	p. 57
3.3 Basic Cell Physiology	p. 59
3.4 The Nervous System	p. 63
3.5 The Excitation-Contraction Sequence	p. 65
3.6 Motor Units	p. 68
3.6.1 Types of Motor Units	p. 68
3.6.2 Motor Unit Twitch	p. 69
3.7 Basic Muscle Properties (Mechanics)	p. 72
3.7.1 Active Length-Tension Relationship	p. 72
3.7.2 Passive Length-Tension Relationship	p. 73
3.7.3 Velocity-Tension Relationship	p. 74
3.7.4 Active State Properties	p. 76
3.7.5 Developments Leading to Hill's Muscle Model	p. 76
3.7.6 Fatigue and Endurance	p. 78
3.8 Energy, Metabolism, and Heat Production	p. 79
3.9 Receptors	p. 83
3.9.1 Muscle Spindles	p. 84
3.9.2 Golgi Tendon Organs	p. 85
3.9.3 Other Receptors	p. 87
Questions	p. 96
Problems	p. 98
References	p. 98
4 Modeling of Muscle Mechanics	p. 101
4.1 Laplace Transforms and Transfer Functions	p. 101
4.1.1 Partial Fraction Expansion	p. 102
4.1.2 Transfer Functions	p. 108
4.2 Viscoelastic Theory	p. 109
4.3 Hill's Muscle Models	p. 116
4.3.1 Active Muscle Response	p. 119
4.3.2 Tension Buildup	p. 121
4.3.3 Stress Relaxation	p. 123
4.3.4 Creep	p. 124
4.3.5 Time Constant	p. 125
4.4 Frequency Analysis	p. 126
4.4.1 Generalized Approach	p. 127
4.4.2 Magnitude and Phase Angle in the Frequency Domain	p. 128
4.4.3 Magnitude and Phase Angle in the Laplace Domain	p. 133
4.5 Frequency Analysis of Passive Muscle	p. 136
4.6 Hatze's Multielement Model	p. 138
4.7 Applications of the Hatze Muscle Model	p. 149
4.8 Control Theory and Motor Control	p. 150
4.8.1 Basic Concepts	p. 150
4.8.2 First-Order System	p. 152
4.8.3 Second-Order System	p. 153
4.8.4 Human Information Processing and Control of Movements	p. 160
4.9 Root Locus Approach to Muscle Modeling	p. 164
4.9.1 The Root Locus Method	p. 164
4.9.2 Muscle Spindle Model	p. 176
4.9.3 Time Delays	p. 181
4.9.4 Velocity Control	p. 184
4.9.5 Reflex Stiffness	p. 185
Questions	p. 189
Problems	p. 190
References	p. 191
5 Models of the Upper Limbs	p. 195
5.1 Anatomy of the Hand and Wrist	p. 195
5.1.1 Bones of the Hand and Wrist	p. 195
5.1.2 Joints of the Hand	p. 196
5.1.3 Muscle of the Forearm, Wrist, and Hand	p. 197
5.1.4 Flexor Digitorum Profundus and Flexor Digitorum Superficialis	p. 198
5.1.5 Flexor Tendon Sheath Pulley Systems	p. 200
5.1.6 Wrist Mechanics	p. 201
5.1.7 Select Finger Anthropometry Data	p. 204
5.2 Static Tendon-Pulley Models	p. 206
5.3 Dynamic Tendon-Pulley Models	p. 210
5.4 Complex Tendon Models	p. 212
5.4.1 Reduction Methods	p. 212
5.4.2 Optimization Methods	p. 213
5.4.3 Combined Approaches	p. 214
5.5 A Two-Dimensional Hand Model	p. 215
5.6 Direct Measurement Validation Studies	p. 221
5.7 Critical Evaluation of Modeling Approaches	p. 223
Questions	p. 227
Problems	p. 228
References	p. 228
6 Musculoskeletal Disorders and Risk Factors	p. 233
6.1 The Extent of the Problem	p. 233
6.2 Common MSDs and Their Etiology	p. 234
6.2.1 Tendon Disorders	p. 236
6.2.2 Muscle Disorders	p. 237
6.2.3 Nerve Disorders	p. 239
6.2.4 Vascular Disorders	p. 242
6.2.5 Bursa Disorders	p. 242
6.2.6 Bone and Cartilage Disorders	p. 243
6.3 Medical Diagnosis and Treatment of MSDs	p. 243
6.4 Epidemiologic Approach to MSDs	p. 250
6.4.1 Introduction to Epidemiology	p. 250
6.4.2 Statistical analyses	p. 258
6.4.3 Multivariate Modeling	p. 267
6.4.4 Quality of Epidemiological Research	p. 273
6.5 Scientific Research and Evidence for Occupational Risk Factors	p. 275
6.5.1 Neck Disorders	p. 275
6.5.2 Shoulder Disorders	p. 280
6.5.3 Elbow Disorders	p. 282
6.5.4 Hand/Wrist--Carpal Tunnel Syndrome	p. 282
6.5.5 Hand/Wrist--Tendinitis	p. 286
6.5.6 Hand/Arm--Vibration Syndrome	p. 288
6.6 Scientific Research and Evidence for Psychosocial Risk Factors	p. 288
6.7 Iatrogenesis--A Contrarian View	p. 291
Questions	p. 294
Problems	p. 296
References	p. 299
7 Instrumentation	p. 311
7.1 Introduction	p. 311
7.2 Wrist and Finger Motion Measurement	p. 311
7.2.1 Types of Measurement Devices	p. 311
7.2.2 Calibration Methods	p. 313
7.2.3 Static Measurements--Range of Motion	p. 316
7.2.4 Dynamic Measurements--Angular Velocity and Acceleration	p. 317
7.3 Pressure and Force Distribution Measurements	p. 320
7.3.1 Early Pressure Devices	p. 320
7.3.2 Force Sensing Electronic Components	p. 322
7.3.3 Integrated Touch Glove System	p. 327
7.4 Nerve Conduction Measurements	p. 330
7.4.1 Basic Concepts	p. 330
7.4.2 Nerve Stimulation and Recording	p. 332
7.4.3 Response Measures	p. 337
7.4.4 Limitations	p. 339
7.5 Electromyography	p. 341
7.5.1 EMG Instrumentation	p. 343
7.5.2 EMG Analysis	p. 344
Questions	p. 351
Problems	p. 352
References	p. 352
8 Job and Worksite Analysis	p. 361
8.1 The Need for Job Analysis	p. 361
8.2 Reliability and Validity of Assessment Tools	p. 362
8.2.1 Basic Concepts	p. 362
8.2.2 Reliability of Assessments	p. 363
8.2.3 Reliability of Analysts	p. 365
8.2.4 Accuracy and Precision	p. 370
8.2.5 Applications	p. 373
8.3 Initial Identification of Musculoskeletal Injury Problems	p. 376
8.3.1 Initial Steps	p. 376
8.3.2 Surveys and Subjective Ratings	p. 377
8.3.3 Limitations of Surveys	p. 380
8.4 Gross Posture and Task Analyses	p. 380
8.4.1 Early Recording of Postures	p. 380
8.4.2 OWAS	p. 381
8.4.3 Posture Targeting	p. 383
8.4.4 RULA	p. 384
8.4.5 Video Posture Analyses	p. 384
8.4.6 Task Analyses	p. 387
8.5 Quantitative Upper Limb WRMSD Risk Assessment Tools	p. 389
8.5.1 Checklists	p. 389
8.5.2 Strain Index	p. 394
8.5.3 OCRA	p. 394
8.5.4 Recent Developments	p. 400
8.6 Data-Driven Upper Limb WRMSD Risk Index	p. 400
Questions	p. 407
Problems	p. 408
References	p. 410
9 Hand Tools	p. 417
9.1 Introduction	p. 417
9.1.1 Historical Development of Tools	p. 417
9.1.2 Tools and Musculoskeletal Injuries	p. 418
9.1.3 General Tool Principles	p. 418
9.2 General Biomechanical Considerations of Tools	p. 419
9.2.1 Anatomy and Types of Grip	p. 419
9.2.2 The Biomechanics of a Power Grip	p. 420
9.2.3 The Biomechanics of a Precision Grip	p. 423
9.2.4 Measurement of Skin Coefficient of Friction	p. 425
9.2.5 Grip Force Coordination	p. 426
9.2.6 Static Muscle Loading	p. 428
9.2.7 Awkward Wrist Position	p. 430
9.2.8 Tissue Compression	p. 431
9.2.9 Repetitive Finger Action	p. 431
9.3 Handles for Single-Handled Tools	p. 432
9.3.1 Handle Length	p. 432
9.3.2 Handle Diameter	p. 432
9.3.3 Handle Shape	p. 433
9.3.4 Texture and Materials	p. 435
9.3.5 Angulation of Handle	p. 435
9.4 Handles for Two-Handled Tools	p. 436
9.4.1 Grip Span	p. 436
9.4.2 Gender	p. 438
9.4.3 Handedness	p. 438
9.5 Other Tool Considerations	p. 439
9.5.1 Posture	p. 439
9.5.2 Weight	p. 439
9.5.3 Gloves	p. 440
9.5.4 Vibration	p. 440
9.5.5 Rhythm	p. 440
9.5.6 Miscellaneous	p. 440
9.6 Agricultural and Forestry Tools	p. 441
9.6.1 Shovels and Spades	p. 441
9.6.2 Axes and Hammers	p. 446
9.6.3 Saws	p. 450
9.6.4 Other Agricultural Tools	p. 451
9.7 Industrial Tools	p. 452
9.7.1 Pliers	p. 452
9.7.2 Screwdrivers	p. 453
9.7.3 Knives	p. 454
9.7.4 Meat Hooks	p. 455
9.7.5 Power Tools	p. 457
9.7.6 Railroad Tools	p. 460
9.7.7 Mining Tools	p. 461
9.7.8 Miscellaneous Tools	p. 461
Questions	p. 463
Problems	p. 464
References	p. 464
10 The Office Environment	p. 473
10.1 General Musculoskeletal Problems	p. 473
10.2 The Seated Workplace	p. 474
10.2.1 Seated Posture	p. 474
10.2.2 Seated Posture at a Computer Workstation	p. 479
10.2.3 Determination of Seated Comfort	p. 484
10.2.4 Seat Pressure	p. 487
10.2.5 Sit-Stand, Forward-Sloping, and Saddle Chairs	p. 490
10.2.6 Work Surface and Line of Sight	p. 495
10.3 The Keyboard	p. 501
10.3.1 Standard Keyboard Features	p. 501
10.3.2 Split and Sloped Keyboards	p. 506
10.3.3 Layout of Keys	p. 509
10.3.4 Chord Keyboards	p. 511
10.3.5 Numeric Keypads	p. 511
10.4 The Mouse and Other Cursor-Positioning Devices	p. 513
10.4.1 Cursor Positioning	p. 513
10.4.2 The Mouse	p. 514
10.4.3 Mouse Alternatives	p. 517
10.5 Notebooks and Handheld PCs	p. 518
10.6 Control Measures	p. 519
10.6.1 Rest Pauses	p. 519
10.6.2 Exercises	p. 520
Questions	p. 522
References	p. 523
Glossary	p. 541
Name Index	p. 571
Subject Index	p. 591

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