Industrial color testing : fundamentals and techniques

Title:

Personal Author:

Volz, Hans G.

Publication Information:

Weinheim : VCH, 1995

ISBN:

9783527286430

Subject Term:

Pigments -- Testing

Dyes and dyeing -- Testing

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Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
Searching... PSZ JB	30000003158221	TP936.V64 1995	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown

This book is the first complete treatment focusing on theoretical and practical aspects of testing pigments, dyes, and pigmented and dyed coatings. It provides basic knowledge for newcomers in the field and serves as a reference work for experts.

Part 1 explains the dependence of color on spectra, of spectra on scattering and absorption, and of scattering and absorption on the content of coloring matter.

Part 2 deals with the significance of color measurement and the acceptability of color differences. It describes the determination of hiding power and transparency, tinting strength and lightening power.

The book provides the answers to questions arising in the production, processing, and application of coloring matter in vehicles. It is a fundamental resource for engineers in industry, scientists in research and development, educators, and students.

Part I Principles	p. 1
1 Introduction	p. 3
1.1 Coloring Materials	p. 3
1.2 Color Properties	p. 9
1.3 Summary	p. 12
1.4 Historical and Bibliographical Notes	p. 12
2 How Colors Depend on Spectra (Colorimetry)	p. 15
2.1 Introduction	p. 15
2.1.1 Concerns and Significance of Colorimetry	p. 15
2.1.2 Reflection and Transmission	p. 17
2.2 CIE Standard Colorimetric System	p. 20
2.2.1 Spectral Distribution and Color Stimulus	p. 20
2.2.2 Trichromatic Principle	p. 21
2.2.3 CIE System	p. 23
2.3 Sensation-Based Systems	p. 26
2.3.1 Lightness, Hue, Saturation	p. 26
2.3.2 Physiologically Equidistant Systems	p. 27
2.3.3 CIELAB System	p. 28
2.3.4 New Systems: CIE94 and CMC	p. 36
2.3.5 Color Order Systems	p. 39
2.4 Mathematical Statistics of Color Coordinates	p. 42
2.4.1 Normal Distribution in Three Dimensions	p. 42
2.4.2 Standard Deviation Ellipsoid	p. 46
2.4.3 Standard Deviations	p. 51
2.4.4 Color Measurement Errors and Significance	p. 55
2.4.5 Acceptability	p. 59
2.5 List of Symbols Used in Formulas	p. 62
2.6 Summary	p. 64
2.7 Historical and Bibliographical Notes	p. 66
3 How Spectra Depend on the Scattering and Absorption of Light (Phenomenological Theory)	p. 71
3.1 Introduction	p. 71
3.1.1 Phenomenological Theory and Its Significance	p. 71
3.1.2 Many-Flux Theory	p. 72
3.1.3 Surface Phenomena	p. 75
3.2 Four-Flux Theory	p. 78
3.2.1 The Differential Equations and Their Integration	p. 78
3.2.2 Transmittance and Transmission Factor	p. 83
3.2.3 Reflectance and Reflection Factor	p. 86
3.2.4 Limiting Cases of Reflection	p. 90
3.2.5 Determination of the Coefficients	p. 93
3.3 Kubelka-Munk Theory	p. 96
3.3.1 Significance and Formalism	p. 96
3.3.2 Limiting Cases of Reflection	p. 98
3.3.3 Determination of the Absorption and Scattering Coefficients	p. 102
3.4 Hiding Power	p. 104
3.4.1 General	p. 104
3.4.2 Achromatic Coatings	p. 105
3.4.3 Scattering and Absorption Components	p. 108
3.5 Transparency	p. 110
3.5.1 Description and Definition	p. 110
3.5.2 Coloring Power	p. 111
3.5.3 Achromatic Coatings	p. 113
3.6 Principle of Spectral Evaluation	p. 115
3.6.1 Description and Significance	p. 115
3.6.2 Application to Hiding Power	p. 116
3.6.3 Application to Transparency and Coloring Power	p. 121
3.7 List of Symbols Used in Formulas	p. 123
3.8 Summary	p. 125
3.9 Historical and Bibliographical Notes	p. 126
4 How Light Scattering and Absorption Depend on the Content of Coloring Material (Beer's Law, Scattering Interaction)	p. 131
4.1 Introduction	p. 131
4.1.1 Description and Significance of the Concentration Dependence	p. 131
4.1.2 Pigment Particle Size	p. 132
4.1.3 Dispersing of Pigments	p. 133
4.1.4 Measures of Pigment Content	p. 135
4.2 Absorption and Content of Coloring Material	p. 138
4.2.1 Dyes	p. 138
4.2.2 Pigments	p. 139
4.3 Scattering and Pigment Content	p. 141
4.3.1 Scattering Interaction	p. 141
4.3.2 Experimental Test of an Empirical Formula	p. 144
4.4 Systematic Treatment of Pigment/Achromatic Paste Mixing	p. 146
4.4.1 Standard Methods of Pigment/Paste Mixing	p. 146
4.4.2 Importance of the Methods	p. 148
4.5 Kubelka-Munk Functions of Pigment/Paste Mixture	p. 150
4.5.1 General Formula	p. 150
4.5.2 Black Pigments Mixed with White Paste	p. 151
4.5.3 White Pigments Mixed with Black Paste	p. 156
4.5.4 Colored Pigments Mixed with White Paste	p. 158
4.6 Tinting Strength	p. 165
4.6.1 Significance and Definition	p. 165
4.6.2 Coloristic Matching Criteria for Pigments	p. 167
4.6.3 Color Matching Studies	p. 172
4.6.4 Lightness Matching	p. 178
4.6.5 Color Depth Matching	p. 184
4.7 Special Problems	p. 186
4.7.1 Lightening Power	p. 186
4.7.2 Color Differences after Matching	p. 188
4.7.3 Change in Tinting Strength	p. 191
4.8 List of Symbols Used in Formulas	p. 197
4.9 Summary	p. 201
4.10 Historical and Bibliographical Notes	p. 204
5 How Light Scattering and Absorption Depend on the Physics of the Pigment Particle (Corpuscular Theory)	p. 207
5.1 Introduction	p. 207
5.1.1 Description and Significance of the Corpuscular Theory	p. 207
5.1.2 Particle-Size Distribution	p. 208
5.1.3 The Optical Constants: Refractive Index and Absorption Index	p. 213
5.2 Mie Theory	p. 217
5.2.1 Integration of the Wave Equation	p. 217
5.2.2 Absorption and Scattering of the Particle Ensemble	p. 219
5.2.3 Scattering Behavior of Pigments	p. 222
5.2.4 Absorption Behavior of Pigments	p. 224
5.3 List of Symbols used in Formulas	p. 226
5.4 Summary	p. 227
5.5 Historical and Bibliographical Notes	p. 229
Part II Test Methods	p. 232
6 Measurement and Evaluation of Object Colors	p. 233
6.1 Reflection and Transmission Measurement	p. 233
6.1.1 Gloss Measurement and Assessment	p. 233
6.1.2 Measurement and Evaluation Conditions	p. 237
6.2 Practical Evaluation of Color Differences	p. 243
6.2.1 Preparation of Specimens	p. 243
6.2.2 Color Measuring	p. 243
6.2.3 Full Shade	p. 248
6.2.4 Special Problems	p. 252
6.3 Test Errors	p. 255
6.3.1 Calculation of the Standard Deviation Ellipsoid	p. 255
6.3.2 Visualization of the Ellipsoid	p. 257
6.3.3 Total Error and Its Components	p. 259
6.4 Significance	p. 263
6.4.1 Calculation of Standard Deviations	p. 263
6.4.2 Test of Significance	p. 265
6.5 Acceptability	p. 268
6.5.1 Specimen Preparation	p. 268
6.5.2 Matching and Color Measurement	p. 270
6.5.3 Evaluation and Example	p. 271
6.5.4 Acceptability and Test Errors	p. 275
7 Determination of Hiding Power and Transparency	p. 277
7.1 Measurement of Film Thickness	p. 277
7.1.1 Selection of Method	p. 277
7.1.2 Gravimetric, Wedge Cut, and Dial-Gauge/Micrometer Methods	p. 279
7.1.3 Pneumatic Method	p. 281
7.2 Scattering and Absorption Coefficients	p. 283
7.2.1 Kubelka-Munk Coefficients S and K of White Pigments	p. 283
7.2.2 Kubelka-Munk Coefficients S and K of Black and Colored Pigments	p. 288
7.2.3 Four-Flux Coefficients s[superscript +], s[superscript -], k'	p. 293
7.3 Transparency	p. 296
7.3.1 Single-Point and Multi-Point Methods	p. 296
7.3.2 Method Based on Principle of Spectral Evaluation	p. 298
7.4 Hiding Power	p. 303
7.4.1 General (Graphical Method)	p. 303
7.4.2 Achromatic Case	p. 305
7.4.3 Based of Principle of Spectral Evaluation	p. 310
7.4.4 Economic Aspects	p. 318
8 Determination of Tinting Strength and Lightening Power	p. 323
8.1 Content of Coloring Material	p. 323
8.1.1 Dyes	p. 323
8.1.2 Pigments	p. 324
8.2 Relative Tinting Strength	p. 325
8.2.1 Dyes	p. 325
8.2.2 Inorganic Black and Colored Pigments (Lightness Matching)	p. 327
8.2.3 Organic Pigments ("FIAF" Method Based on Principle of Spectral Evaluation)	p. 332
8.2.4 Change in Tinting Strength	p. 340
8.3 Lightening Power	p. 345
8.3.1 Graphical Method	p. 345
8.3.2 Rationalized Method	p. 348
8.3.3 PVC Dependence from One Gray Mixture	p. 351
Appendix List of DIN, DIN ISO, and ISO Standards Cited	p. 357
Subject Index	p. 363
Name Index	p. 371

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