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Summary
Summary
Data and models for better systems design
Atmospheric gases, building materials, the weather ... The propagation of wireless communications signals depends upon a whole range of factors, any or all of which can have a significant impact on the quality of a signal. Data generated by careful measurement of signals propagating under various environmental conditions are therefore fundamental to designing and building efficient, robust, and economical communication systems.
This handbook presents models that describe that data and make predictions for conditions that will affect operational systems. The author-chair of the science panel for the ACTS propagation experiment-focuses on EM waves of 0.3 to 300 GHz propagating through the lower atmosphere. The handbook describes the physical phenomena that can affect propagation, presents sample measurements and statistics, and provides models that system designers can use to calculate their link budgets and estimate the limitations the atmosphere could place on their designs.
Communications engineers around the world need this information readily at hand, not scattered throughout the literature. For engineers and systems designers involved in communications, navigation, radar, or remote sensing, the Propagation Handbook for Wireless Communication System Design will quickly become a standard and heavily relied-upon reference.
Table of Contents
| Chapter 1 Propagation phenomena affecting wireless systems | p. 1 |
| 1.1 Types of systems | p. 1 |
| 1.2 Design criteria | p. 3 |
| 1.3 Antenna considerations | p. 7 |
| 1.3.1 Transmission loss | p. 7 |
| 1.3.2 Antenna beamwidth | p. 11 |
| 1.4 Propagation effects | p. 13 |
| 1.4.1 Path attenuation | p. 14 |
| 1.4.1.1 Atmospheric gases | p. 14 |
| 1.4.1.2 Clouds and fog | p. 14 |
| 1.4.1.3 Rain | p. 15 |
| 1.4.1.4 Water layer | p. 16 |
| 1.4.1.5 Building material | p. 17 |
| 1.4.1.6 Vegetation | p. 20 |
| 1.4.1.7 Obstacles | p. 21 |
| 1.4.2 Refraction | p. 23 |
| 1.4.2.1 Ray tracing | p. 24 |
| 1.4.2.2 Ducting | p. 35 |
| 1.4.2.3 Effective Earth's radius | p. 42 |
| 1.4.2.4 Tropospheric scatter | p. 45 |
| 1.4.2.5 Scintillation | p. 52 |
| 1.4.3 Receiver noise | p. 59 |
| 1.5 Propagation models | p. 66 |
| 1.6 Model verification | p. 69 |
| 1.7 Statistics and risk | p. 80 |
| 1.7.1 Stationarity | p. 80 |
| 1.7.2 Variability model distribution | p. 82 |
| 1.7.2.1 Lognormal model | p. 82 |
| 1.7.2.2 Normal distribution model | p. 86 |
| 1.7.2.3 Gamma distribution model | p. 88 |
| 1.7.2.4 Weibull distribution model | p. 89 |
| 1.7.2.5 Model selection | p. 91 |
| 1.7.3 Risk | p. 93 |
| 1.8 List of symbols | p. 95 |
| References | p. 98 |
| Chapter 2 Propagation fundamentals | p. 101 |
| 2.1 Maxwell's equations | p. 101 |
| 2.2 Plane waves | p. 103 |
| 2.3 Spherical waves | p. 107 |
| 2.4 Reflection and refraction | p. 109 |
| 2.5 Geometrical optics | p. 114 |
| 2.6 Ray tracing | p. 120 |
| 2.7 Scalar diffraction theory | p. 123 |
| 2.8 Geometrical theory of diffraction | p. 129 |
| 2.9 List of symbols | p. 133 |
| References | p. 134 |
| Chapter 3 Absorption | p. 135 |
| 3.1 Molecular absorption | p. 135 |
| 3.1.1 Complex index of refraction | p. 135 |
| 3.1.1.1 Water vapor | p. 136 |
| 3.1.1.2 Molecular oxygen | p. 138 |
| 3.1.2 Approximate models | p. 141 |
| 3.1.2.1 ITU-R model | p. 141 |
| 3.1.2.2 Regression model | p. 144 |
| 3.2 Absorption on a slant path | p. 145 |
| 3.2.1 Attenuation | p. 145 |
| 3.2.2 Brightness temperature | p. 147 |
| 3.2.3 Approximate models | p. 147 |
| 3.2.3.1 ITU-R model | p. 147 |
| 3.2.3.2 Regression model | p. 148 |
| 3.2.3.3 ACTS model | p. 148 |
| 3.2.4 Specific attenuation profiles | p. 150 |
| 3.2.4.1 June 4, 1996 | p. 150 |
| 3.2.4.2 June 5, 1996 | p. 153 |
| 3.2.4.3 June 6, 1996 | p. 153 |
| 3.3 ACTS statistics | p. 157 |
| 3.3.1 Twice-daily sky brightness temperature | p. 157 |
| 3.3.1.1 Norman, OK | p. 157 |
| 3.3.1.2 Fairbanks, AK | p. 158 |
| 3.3.1.3 Vancouver, British Columbia | p. 159 |
| 3.3.1.4 Greeley, CO | p. 159 |
| 3.3.1.5 Tampa, FL | p. 159 |
| 3.3.1.6 White Sands, NM | p. 160 |
| 3.3.1.7 Reston, VA | p. 161 |
| 3.3.2 Gaseous absorption distributions | p. 162 |
| 3.3.2.1 Norman, OK | p. 162 |
| 3.3.2.2 Fairbanks, AK | p. 163 |
| 3.3.2.3 Vancouver, British Columbia | p. 164 |
| 3.3.2.4 Greeley, CO | p. 165 |
| 3.3.2.5 Tampa, FL | p. 165 |
| 3.3.2.6 White Sands, NM | p. 165 |
| 3.3.2.7 Reston, VA | p. 165 |
| 3.4 List of symbols | p. 167 |
| References | p. 168 |
| Chapter 4 Refraction | p. 169 |
| 4.1 Ray bending | p. 169 |
| 4.1.1 Bending and focusing | p. 171 |
| 4.1.2 Elevation angle error | p. 175 |
| 4.1.3 Trapping or ducting | p. 182 |
| 4.2 Path delay | p. 191 |
| 4.2.1 Range error | p. 191 |
| 4.2.2 Multipath | p. 195 |
| 4.3 Scintillation | p. 197 |
| 4.3.1 ACTS observations | p. 197 |
| 4.3.2 Low elevation angle observations | p. 213 |
| 4.3.3 Standard deviation prediction models | p. 216 |
| 4.4 List of symbols | p. 222 |
| References | p. 223 |
| Chapter 5 Attenuation by clouds and rain | p. 225 |
| 5.1 Rain | p. 225 |
| 5.2 Rain attenuation | p. 226 |
| 5.3 Seasonal rain attenuation statistics | p. 233 |
| 5.3.1 Monthly statistics | p. 233 |
| 5.3.2 Worst-month statistics | p. 234 |
| 5.4 Fade duration | p. 239 |
| 5.5 Fade rate | p. 244 |
| 5.6 Rain attenuation models | p. 248 |
| 5.6.1 Rain rate models | p. 249 |
| 5.6.1.1 Crane local model | p. 249 |
| 5.6.1.2 New ITU-R model | p. 255 |
| 5.6.1.3 Comparison to ACTS observations | p. 256 |
| 5.6.2 Two-component path attenuation model | p. 262 |
| 5.6.3 Application of the models | p. 269 |
| 5.7 List of symbols | p. 279 |
| References | p. 280 |
| Appendix 5.1 | p. 281 |
| Appendix 5.2 | p. 303 |
| References | p. 303 |
| Index | p. 305 |
