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Summary
Summary
This volume brings together, for the first time, a wide-ranging and detailed body of information identifying and assessing risk, vulnerability and adaptation to climate change in urban centres in low- and middle-income countries. Framed by an overview of the main possibilities and constraints for adaptation, the contributors examine the implications of climate change for cities in Africa, Asia and Latin America, and propose innovative agendas for adaptation. The book should be of interest to policy makers, practitioners and academics who face the challenge of addressing climate change vulnerability and adaptation in urban centres throughout the global South.Published with E&U and International Institute for Environment and Development
Author Notes
Jane Bicknell works with the Human Settlements Group at the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) and is Managing Editor of the international journal Environment and Urbanization.David Dodman is a Researcher in the Human Settlements and Climate Change Groups at the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED). He is co-editor (with Duncan McGregor and David Barker) of Global Change and Caribbean Vulnerability: Environment, Economy and Society at Risk (UWI Press, forthcoming).David Satterthwaite is a Senior Fellow at the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) and is Editor of the journal Environment and Urbanization. He has written or edited various books published by Earthscan, including Squatter Citizen (1989, with Jorge E Hardoy), The Earthscan Reader on Sustainable Cities (1999) and Environmental Problems in an Urbanizing World (2001, with Jorge E Hardoy and Diana Mitlin). He contributed to the Third and Fourth Assessments of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; in 2004, he was awarded the Volvo Environment Prize.
Table of Contents
List of Figures, Tables and Boxes | p. xi |
About the Contributors | p. xv |
Preface | p. xxi |
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations | p. xxiii |
Part 1 Introduction | |
1 Adapting to Climate Change in Urban Areas: The Possibilities and Constraints in Low-and Middle-Income Nations | p. 3 |
Introduction | p. 3 |
The potential for adaptation | p. 4 |
The constraints on implementation | p. 5 |
The urban context | p. 11 |
Vulnerability | p. 19 |
Climate change and disasters | p. 21 |
The continuum of risk from everyday hazards to catastrophic disasters | p. 28 |
Building on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's Fourth Assessment Report | p. 30 |
Government roles and responsibilities | p. 34 |
Part 2 Risk and Vulnerability for Cities | |
2 The Rising Tide: Assessing the Risks of Climate Change and Human Settlements in Low-Elevation Coastal Zones | p. 51 |
Introduction | p. 51 |
Climate change, coastal settlement and urban vulnerabilities | p. 52 |
Estimating population and human settlement patterns in low-elevation coastal zones (LECZs) | p. 55 |
The international distribution of low-elevation coastal settlement | p. 58 |
Changes in low-elevation coastal settlement between 1990 and 2000: The examples of China and Bangladesh | p. 68 |
Conclusions | p. 69 |
3 Climate Change and Coastal Cities: The Case of Mombasa, Kenya | p. 77 |
Introduction | p. 77 |
Vulnerability of Mombasa to climate change | p. 78 |
Climate change impacts in Mombasa | p. 80 |
Adaptation to climate change in Mombasa | p. 85 |
Conclusions | p. 90 |
4 Vulnerabilities and Responses to Climate Change for Dhaka | p. 93 |
Introduction | p. 93 |
Dhaka's contribution to global climate change | p. 95 |
The effects of climate change in Dhaka | p. 97 |
Affected sectors and vulnerabilities | p. 101 |
Response measures | p. 105 |
Conclusions | p. 108 |
5 The Vulnerability to Climate Change of Cotonou (Benin): The Rise in Sea Level | p. 111 |
Introduction | p. 111 |
Cotonou | p. 111 |
Cotonou's vulnerability to sea-level rise | p. 113 |
Impact of rising sea level | p. 114 |
Coastal erosion in Cotonou and the surrounding area | p. 114 |
Adapting to the rise in sea level and its consequences | p. 121 |
Conclusions | p. 124 |
6 The Vulnerability of Global Cities to Climate Hazards | p. 129 |
Introduction | p. 129 |
Framing vulnerability | p. 131 |
The case studies | p. 132 |
Conclusions | p. 151 |
7 Climate, Climate Change and Human Health in Asian Cities | p. 159 |
Introduction | p. 159 |
Climate change and health | p. 160 |
Climate, water supplies and sanitation and health | p. 160 |
High temperatures and heat wave events | p. 165 |
Longer-term changes and the future health of populations in cities | p. 167 |
Responding to climate change: Adaptation and health at the city level | p. 168 |
Conclusions | p. 169 |
8 Climate Change and Urban Children: Impacts and Implications for Adaptation in Low-and Middle-Income Countries | p. 175 |
Introduction | p. 175 |
Understanding the impacts upon children of climate change | p. 177 |
The implications for adaptation | p. 187 |
Conclusions | p. 192 |
9 Unjust Waters: Climate Change, Flooding and the Urban Poor in Africa | p. 201 |
Introduction | p. 201 |
The changing climate in Africa | p. 202 |
Trends in urban flooding in Africa | p. 203 |
Local case studies of urban flooding | p. 206 |
General guidelines on adaptations to climate change | p. 216 |
Responsibilities and actions | p. 218 |
10 Urban Poverty and Vulnerability to Climate Change in Latin America | p. 225 |
Introduction | p. 225 |
Vulnerability and adaptation in urban areas | p. 228 |
Possible ways forward | p. 238 |
The need for adaptation and development | p. 243 |
Part 3 Case Studies on Adaptation | |
11 Thinking Globally, Acting Locally: Institutionalizing Climate Change at the Local Government Level in Durban, South Africa | p. 253 |
Introduction | p. 253 |
Climate change and the environmental management function | p. 255 |
Mainstreaming the climate change debate in Durban | p. 259 |
Conclusions | p. 269 |
12 Developing a Municipal Adaptation Plan (MAP) for Climate Change: The City of Cape Town | p. 271 |
Introduction | p. 271 |
Background to climate change | p. 272 |
Towards a framework for adapting to climate change at the municipal level | p. 273 |
Examples of potential current and future municipal climate-induced impacts for the city of Cape Town | p. 278 |
Conclusions | p. 285 |
13 Adapting to Climate Change: Water Management for Urban Resilience | p. 291 |
Introduction | p. 291 |
Instruments to manage variability, reduce vulnerability and build resilience | p. 293 |
The development context and constraints before climate change | p. 294 |
The challenges of climate change for water resources management | p. 295 |
Water resources costs: The added burden of adaptation | p. 298 |
Some practical challenges and responses | p. 301 |
Conclusions: Water resources management could be a lead sector in building urban resilience to climate change | p. 304 |
Part 4 Moving Forward | |
14 Climate Change Risk: An Adaptation and Mitigation Agenda for Indian Cities | p. 311 |
Introduction | p. 311 |
India's RUrban transformation (2000-2050) | p. 312 |
Urban renewal, disaster management and climate change mitigation | p. 314 |
India's climate change risk exposure | p. 316 |
Composite multi-hazard risk adaptation | p. 322 |
Urban populations and elements at risk | p. 323 |
Urban vulnerability to climate change | p. 324 |
A possible urban climate change adaptation framework | p. 325 |
Institutional capacity for urban climate risk adaptation | p. 331 |
Building a mitigation agenda for Indian cities | p. 332 |
Conclusions | p. 333 |
15 International Funding to Support Urban Adaptation to Climate Change | p. 339 |
Introduction | p. 339 |
Funding for adaptation under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) | p. 340 |
The role of official development assistance (ODA) in funding adaptation | p. 345 |
Access to adaptation finance by urban stakeholders | p. 350 |
Conclusions | p. 353 |
16 Conclusions: Local Development and Adaptation | p. 359 |
Introduction | p. 359 |
Key themes | p. 360 |
Conclusions | p. 363 |
Index | p. 385 |