Bubbles, drops, and particles in non-Newtonian fluids

Title:

Personal Author:

Chhabra, R. P.

Series:

Chemical industries ; 113

Edition:

2nd ed.

Publication Information:

Boca Raton, FL : CRC Taylor & Francis, 2007

ISBN:

9780824723293

Subject Term:

Non-Newtonian fluids -- Textbooks

Fluid mechanics -- Textbooks

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Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
Searching... PSZ JB	30000010132476	QC189.5 C43 2007	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown
Searching... PSZ KL	30000010214983	QC189.5 C43 2007	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown

Bubbles, Drops, and Particles in Non-Newtonian Fluids, Second Edition continues to provide thorough coverage of the scientific foundations and the latest advances in particle motion in non-Newtonian media. The book demonstrates how dynamic behavior of single particles can yield useful information for modeling transport processes in complex multiphase flows.

Completely revised and expanded, this second edition covers macroscopic momentum and heat/mass transfer from a single rigid or fluid particle or ensembles of particles involving strong inter-particle interactions including packed beds, fluidized beds, and porous media with different types of non-Newtonian fluids. It reflects advances made since the publication of the previous, bestselling edition with new material on topics such as extensional flow; time-independent, time-dependent and visco-elastic fluids; free settling behavior of non-spherical particles; and particle motion in visco-elastic and visco-plastic fluids, boundary layer flows, flows in porous media, and falling object rheometry.

An excellent reference and handbook dealing with the technological aspects of non-Newtonian materials encountered in nature and in technology, this book highlights qualitative differences between the response of a Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids in the complex flows encountered in processing applications.

Chapter 1 Introduction	p. 1
1.1 Scope and Organization	p. 5
Chapter 2 Non-Newtonian Fluid Behavior	p. 9
2.1 Introduction	p. 9
2.2 Definition of a Newtonian Fluid	p. 10
2.3 Non-Newtonian Fluids	p. 14
2.3.1 Time-Independent Behavior	p. 15
2.3.1.1 Shear-Thinning or Pseudoplastic Fluids	p. 15
2.3.1.2 Visco-Plastic Fluids	p. 22
2.3.1.3 Shear-Thickening Fluids	p. 26
2.3.2 Time-Dependent Behavior	p. 28
2.3.2.1 Thixotropy	p. 29
2.3.2.2 Rheopexy or Negative Thixotropy	p. 30
2.3.3 Visco-Elastic Behavior of Fluids	p. 32
2.3.3.1 Normal Stress Effects in Steady Shearing Flows	p. 33
2.3.3.2 Elongational Flow	p. 37
2.3.3.3 Mathematical Models for Visco-Elastic Behavior	p. 40
2.4 Dimensional Considerations in the Fluid Mechanics of Visco-Elastic Fluids	p. 42
2.5 Experimental Techniques: Rheometry	p. 45
2.6 Conclusions	p. 46
Nomenclature	p. 47
Chapter 3 Rigid Particles in Time-Independent Liquids without a Yield Stress	p. 49
3.1 Introduction	p. 49
3.2 Governing Equations for a Sphere	p. 50
3.3 Spherical Particles in Newtonian Fluids	p. 53
3.3.1 Drag Force	p. 54
3.3.2 Free-Fail Velocity	p. 56
3.3.3 Unsteady Motion	p. 57
3.4 Spheres in Shear-Thinning Liquids	p. 59
3.4.1 Drag Force	p. 59
3.4.1.1 Theoretical Developments in Creeping Flow Region	p. 59
3.4.1.2 Experimental Results	p. 76
3.4.1.3 Drag Force at High Reynolds Numbers	p. 85
3.4.2 Free-Fall Velocity	p. 93
3.4.3 Flow Field	p. 94
3.4.4 Unsteady Motion	p. 95
3.4.5 Effect of Imposed Fluid Motion	p. 98
3.5 Spheres in Shear-Thickening Liquids	p. 100
3.6 Drag on Light Spheres Rising in Pseudoplastic Media	p. 101
3.7 Pressure Drop Due to a Settling Sphere	p. 103
3.8 Nonspherical Particles	p. 104
3.8.1 Introduction	p. 104
3.8.2 Drag Force	p. 105
3.8.2.1 Newtonian Fluids	p. 105
3.8.2.2 Shear-Thinning Liquids	p. 109
3.9 Conclusions	p. 120
Nomenclature	p. 121
Chapter 4 Rigid Particles in Visco-Plastic Liquids	p. 123
4.1 Introduction	p. 123
4.2 Spheres in Visco-Plastic Liquids	p. 129
4.2.1 Static Equilibrium	p. 129
4.2.2 Flow Field	p. 130
4.2.3 Drag Force	p. 136
4.2.3.1 Theoretical Developments	p. 136
4.2.3.2 Experimental Correlations	p. 141
4.2.4 Values of Yield Stress Used in Correlations	p. 147
4.2.5 Time-Dependence of Velocity in Visco-Plastic Fluids	p. 149
4.3 Flow Past a Circular Cylinder	p. 152
4.4 Flow Normal to a Plate	p. 157
4.5 Nonspherical Particles	p. 158
4.6 Conclusions	p. 159
Nomenclature	p. 159
Chapter 5 Rigid Particles in Visco-Elastic Fluids	p. 161
5.1 Introduction	p. 161
5.2 Flow over a Sphere	p. 162
5.2.1 Theoretical Developments	p. 168
5.2.1.1 Drag Force on an Unbounded ([Beta] = 0) Sphere in Creeping Region (Re [right arrow] 0)	p. 168
5.2.1.2 Drag Force on a Sphere for [Beta] = 0.5 and Re [right arrow] 0: The Benchmark Problem	p. 172
5.2.1.3 Wake Phenomenon	p. 175
5.2.2 Experimental Results	p. 177
5.2.2.1 Shear-Thinning Visco-Elastic Liquids	p. 177
5.2.2.2 Nonshear-Thinning Visco-Elastic Liquids	p. 182
5.2.3 The Time Effect	p. 185
5.2.4 Velocity Overshoot	p. 186
5.2.5 Drag Reducing Fluids	p. 188
5.3 Flow over a Long Circular Cylinder	p. 190
5.4 Interaction between Viscoelasticity, Particle Shape, Multiple Particles, Confining Boundaries, and Imposed Fluid Motion	p. 194
5.5 Conclusions	p. 200
Nomenclature	p. 201
Chapter 6 Fluid Particles in Non-Newtonian Media	p. 203
6.1 Introduction	p. 203
6.2 Formation of Fluid Particles	p. 205
6.2.1 Bubbles	p. 205
6.2.1.1 Davidson-Schuler Model	p. 205
6.2.1.2 Kumar-Kuloor Model	p. 207
6.2.2 Drops	p. 212
6.2.2.1 Criterion I: Low Viscosity Systems	p. 214
6.2.2.2 Criterion II: High Viscosity Systems	p. 215
6.2.3 Disintegration (or Break Up) of Jets and Sheets	p. 217
6.2.4 Growth or Collapse of Bubbles	p. 218
6.3 Shapes of Bubbles and Drops in Free Rise or Fall	p. 221
6.3.1 Newtonian Continuous Media	p. 221
6.3.2 Non-Newtonian Continuous Media	p. 224
6.4 Terminal Velocity-Volume Behavior in Free Motion	p. 239
6.5 Drag Behavior of Single Particles	p. 246
6.5.1 Theoretical Developments	p. 246
6.5.1.1 Newtonian Fluids	p. 248
6.5.1.2 Shear-Thinning Continuous Phase	p. 251
6.5.1.3 Visco-Elastic Continuous Phase	p. 258
6.5.1.4 Non-Newtonian Drops	p. 259
6.5.2 Experimental Results	p. 260
6.6 Bubble and Drop Ensembles in Free Motion	p. 264
6.7 Coalescence of Bubbles and Drops	p. 267
6.7.1 Bubble Coalescence	p. 268
6.7.2 Drop Coalescence	p. 271
6.8 Breakage of Drops	p. 272
6.9 Motion and Deformation of Bubbles and Drops in Confined Flows	p. 273
6.10 Conclusions	p. 275
Nomenclature	p. 276
Chapter 7 Non-Newtonian Fluid Flow in Porous Media and Packed Beds	p. 279
7.1 Introduction	p. 279
7.2 Porous Medium	p. 281
7.2.1 Definition of a Porous Medium, its Classification and Examples	p. 281
7.2.2 Description of a Porous Medium	p. 282
7.3 Newtonian Liquids	p. 285
7.3.1 Flow Regimes	p. 286
7.3.2 Pressure Loss - Throughput Relationship	p. 288
7.3.2.1 Dimensionless Empirical Correlations	p. 290
7.3.2.2 The Conduit or Capillary Models	p. 293
7.3.2.3 The Submerged Objects Models or Drag Theories	p. 298
7.3.2.4 Use of the Field Equations for Flow through a Porous Medium	p. 304
7.3.2.5 Flow in Periodically Constricted Tubes	p. 304
7.3.2.6 Volume Averaging of the Navier-Stokes Equations	p. 306
7.3.3 Wall Effects	p. 307
7.3.4 Effects of Particle Shape, Particle Roughness, and Size Distribution	p. 312
7.3.5 Fibrous Porous Media	p. 314
7.3.6 Theoretical Treatments	p. 319
7.3.6.1 Flow Parallel to an Array of Rods	p. 319
7.3.6.2 Transverse Flow over an Array of Rods	p. 320
7.3.6.3 Creeping Row Region	p. 320
7.3.6.4 Inertial Effects	p. 324
7.4 Non-Newtonian Fluids	p. 326
7.4.1 Flow Regimes	p. 341
7.4.2 Pressure Loss for Generalized Newtonian Fluids	p. 342
7.4.2.1 The Capillary Model	p. 342
7.4.2.2 Submerged Object Models or Drag Theories	p. 356
7.4.2.3 Volume Averaging of Equations	p. 360
7.4.2.4 Other Methods	p. 361
7.4.3 Visco-Elastic Effects in Porous Media	p. 362
7.4.4 Dilute/Semidilute Drag Reducing Polymer Solutions	p. 368
7.4.5 Wall Effects	p. 372
7.4.6 Effect of Particle Shape and Size Distribution	p. 373
7.4.7 Flow in Fibrous Media	p. 374
7.4.7.1 Generalized Newtonian fluids	p. 374
7.4.7.2 Visco-Elastic Fluids	p. 380
7.4.8 Mixing in Packed Beds	p. 381
7.5 Miscellaneous Effects	p. 381
7.5.1 Polymer Retention in Porous Media	p. 382
7.5.2 Slip Effects	p. 384
7.5.3 Flow-Induced Mechanical Degradation of Flexible Molecules in Solutions	p. 386
7.6 Two-Phase Gas/Liquid Flow	p. 388
7.7 Conclusions	p. 391
Nomenclature	p. 392
Chapter 8 Fluidization and Hindered Settling	p. 395
8.1 Introduction	p. 395
8.2 Two-Phase Fluidization	p. 397
8.2.1 Minimum Fluidization Velocity	p. 397
8.2.1.1 Definition	p. 397
8.2.1.2 Prediction of V[subscript mf]	p. 398
8.2.2 Bed Expansion Behavior	p. 406
8.2.2.1 Inelastic Non-Newtonian Systems	p. 410
8.2.3 Effect of Visco-Elasticity	p. 421
8.3 Three-Phase Fluidized Beds	p. 423
8.3.1 Introduction	p. 423
8.3.2 Minimum Fluidization Velocity	p. 424
8.3.3 Bed Expansion Behavior	p. 426
8.3.4 Gas Holdup	p. 427
8.4 Sedimentation or Hindered Settling	p. 427
8.4.1 Non-Newtonian Studies	p. 431
8.5 Conclusions	p. 434
Nomenclature	p. 435
Chapter 9 Heat and Mass Transfer in Particulate Systems	p. 437
9.1 Introduction	p. 437
9.2 Boundary Layer Flows	p. 449
9.2.1 Plates	p. 450
9.2.1.1 Forced Convection	p. 450
9.2.1.2 Free Convection	p. 456
9.2.1.3 Mixed Convection	p. 463
9.2.2 Cylinders	p. 465
9.2.2.1 Forced Convection	p. 465
9.2.2.2 Free Convection	p. 469
9.2.2.3 Mixed Convection	p. 471
9.2.3 Spheres	p. 473
9.2.3.1 Forced Convection	p. 473
9.2.3.2 Free Convection	p. 480
9.2.3.3 Mixed Convection	p. 486
9.3 Visco-Elastic Effects in Boundary Layers	p. 489
9.3.1 Forced Convection	p. 489
9.3.2 Free Convection	p. 493
9.4 Bubbles	p. 495
9.4.1 Large Peclet Number (Pe [greater than greater than] 1)	p. 496
9.4.2 Small Peclet Number (Pe [less than less than] 1)	p. 498
9.5 Drops	p. 499
9.6 Ensembles of Bubbles and Drops	p. 501
9.7 Fixed Beds	p. 504
9.8 Liquid-Solid Fluidized Beds	p. 510
9.9 Three-Phase Fluidized Beds	p. 511
9.10 Tube Bundles	p. 513
9.11 Conclusions	p. 514
Nomenclature	p. 515
Chapter 10 Wall Effects	p. 521
10.1 Introduction	p. 521
10.2 Definition	p. 522
10.3 Rigid Spheres	p. 523
10.3.1 Newtonian Fluids	p. 523
10.3.1.1 Theoretical Treatments	p. 523
10.3.1.2 Experimental Results and Correlations	p. 527
10.3.2 Inelastic Non-Newtonian Liquids	p. 535
10.3.2.1 Theoretical and Numerical Treatments	p. 535
10.3.2.2 Experimental Studies	p. 537
10.3.3 Visco-Plastic Liquids	p. 542
10.3.4 Visco-Elastic Liquids	p. 544
10.3.4.1 Boger Fluids	p. 545
10.4 Nonspherical Rigid Particles	p. 546
10.4.1 Newtonian Liquids	p. 546
10.4.2 Inelastic Non-Newtonian Liquids	p. 548
10.5 Drops and Bubbles	p. 549
10.5.1 Newtonian Continuous Phase	p. 550
10.5.1.1 Low Reynolds Number Regime	p. 550
10.5.1.2 High Reynolds Number Regime	p. 551
10.5.2 Non-Newtonian Continuous Phase	p. 552
10.6 Conclusions	p. 553
Nomenclature	p. 554
Chapter 11 Falling Object Rheometry	p. 557
11.1 Introduction	p. 557
11.2 Falling Ball Method	p. 557
11.2.1 Newtonian Fluids	p. 557
11.2.2 Non-Newtonian Fluids	p. 559
11.2.2.1 Zero-Shear Viscosity	p. 560
11.2.2.2 Shear-Dependent Viscosity	p. 568
11.2.2.3 Yield Stress	p. 570
11.2.2.4 Characteristic Time for Visco-Elastic Fluids	p. 573
11.3 Rolling Ball Method	p. 574
11.3.1 Newtonian Fluids	p. 574
11.3.2 Non-Newtonian Fluids (Shear-Dependent Viscosity)	p. 574
11.3.3 Yield Stress	p. 576
11.4 Rotating Sphere Viscometer	p. 576
11.5 Falling Cylinder Viscometer	p. 578
11.5.1 Newtonian Fluids	p. 578
11.5.2 Non-Newtonian Fluids	p. 581
11.5.1.1 Shear-Dependent Viscosity	p. 581
11.5.1.2 Yield Stress	p. 583
11.6 Conclusions	p. 584
Nomenclature	p. 584
References	p. 587
Author Index	p. 723
Subject Index	p. 761

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