High-energy-density physics : fundamentals, inertial fusion, and experimental astrophysics

Title:

Personal Author:

Drake, R Paul

Series:

Shock wave and high pressure phenomena

Publication Information:

Berlin : Springer, 2006

ISBN:

9783540293149

Subject Term:

Plasma (Ionized gases)

Energy level densities

Plasma density

Plasma astrophysics

Available:*

Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
Searching... PSZ JB	30000010113225	QC718.4 D72 2006	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown

This book has two goals. One goal is to provide a means for those new to high-energy-density physics to gain a broad foundation from one text. The second goal is to provide a useful working reference for those in the ?eld. This book has at least four possible applications in an academic c- text. It can be used for training in high-energy-density physics, in support of the growing number of university and laboratory research groups working in this area. It also can be used by schools with an emphasis on ultrafast lasers, to provide some introduction to issues present in all laser-target - perimentswithhigh-powerlasers,andwiththoroughcoverageofthematerial in Chap. 11 on relativistic systems. In addition, it could be used by physics, applied physics, or engineering departments to provide in a single course an introduction to the basics of ?uid mechanics and radiative transfer, with d- matic applications. Finally, it could be used by astrophysics departments for a similar purpose, with the parallel bene?t of training the students in the similarities and di?erences between laboratory and astrophysical systems. The notation in this text is deliberately sparse and when possible a given symbol has only one meaning. A de?nition of the symbols used is given in Appendix A. In various cases, additional subscripts are added to distinguish among cases of the same quantity, as for example in the use of ? and ? 1 2 to distinguish the mass density in two di?erent regions.

1 Introduction to High-Energy-Density Physics	p. 1
1.1 Some Historical Remarks	p. 2
1.2 Regimes of High-Energy-Density Physics	p. 5
1.3 An Introduction to Inertial Confinement Fusion	p. 8
1.4 An Introduction to Experimental Astrophysics	p. 11
1.5 Some Connections to Prior Work	p. 14
1.6 Variables and Notation	p. 16
2 Descriptions of Fluids and Plasmas	p. 19
2.1 The Euler Equations for a Polytropic Gas	p. 19
2.2 The Maxwell Equations	p. 24
2.3 More General and Complete Single-Fluid Equations	p. 26
2.3.1 General Single-Fluid Equations	p. 27
2.3.2 Magnetohydrodynamics	p. 33
2.3.3 Single Fluid, Three Temperature	p. 36
2.3.4 Approaches to Computer Simulation	p. 37
2.4 Plasma Theories	p. 40
2.4.1 Regimes of Validity of Traditional Plasma Theory	p. 40
2.4.2 The Two-Fluid Equations	p. 44
2.4.3 The Kinetic Description	p. 49
2.5 Single-Particle Motions	p. 50
3 Properties of High-Energy-Density Plasmas	p. 55
3.1 Simple Equations of State	p. 57
3.1.1 Polytropic Gases	p. 57
3.1.2 Radiation-Dominated Plasma	p. 59
3.1.3 Fermi-Degenerate EOS	p. 60
3.2 Ionizing Plasmas	p. 66
3.2.1 Ionization Balance from the Saha Equation	p. 68
3.2.2 Continuum Lowering and the Ion Sphere Model	p. 73
3.2.3 Coulomb Interactions	p. 78
3.3 Thermodynamics of Ionizing Plasmas	p. 80
3.3.1 Generalized Polytropic Indices	p. 81
3.3.2 Pressure, Energy, and Their Consequences	p. 84
3.3.3 The EOS Landscape	p. 89
3.4 Equations of State for Computations	p. 90
3.4.1 The Thomas-Fermi Model and QEOS	p. 91
3.4.2 Tabular Equations of State	p. 93
3.5 Equations of State in the Laboratory and in Astrophysics	p. 96
3.5.1 The Astrophysical Context for EOS	p. 97
3.5.2 Connecting EOS from the Laboratory to Astrophysics	p. 99
3.6 Experiments to Measure Equations of State	p. 100
3.6.1 Direct Flyer-Plate Measurements	p. 101
3.6.2 Impedance Matching	p. 101
3.6.3 Other Techniques	p. 103
4 Shocks and Rarefactions	p. 107
4.1 Shock Waves	p. 108
4.1.1 Jump Conditions	p. 109
4.1.2 The Shock Hugoniot and Equations of State	p. 111
4.1.3 Useful Shock Relations	p. 112
4.1.4 Entropy Changes Across Shocks	p. 118
4.1.5 Oblique Shocks	p. 119
4.1.6 Shocks and Interfaces, Flyer Plates	p. 122
4.2 Rarefaction Waves	p. 128
4.2.1 The Planar Isothermal Rarefaction and Self-Similar Analysis	p. 129
4.2.2 Riemann Invariants	p. 132
4.2.3 Planar Adiabatic Rarefactions	p. 136
4.3 Blast Waves	p. 139
4.3.1 Energy Conservation in Blast Waves	p. 140
4.3.2 A General Discussion of Self-Similar Motions	p. 142
4.3.3 The Sedov-Taylor Spherical Blast Wave	p. 146
4.4 Phenomena at Interfaces	p. 149
4.4.1 Shocks at Interfaces and Their Consequences	p. 149
4.4.2 Overtaking Shocks	p. 153
4.4.3 Reshocks in Rarefactions	p. 154
4.4.4 Blast Waves at Interfaces	p. 156
4.4.5 Rarefactions at Interfaces	p. 158
4.4.6 Oblique Shocks at Interfaces	p. 162
5 Hydrodynamic Instabilities	p. 169
5.1 Introduction to the Rayleigh-Taylor Instability	p. 170
5.1.1 Buoyancy as a Driving Force	p. 171
5.1.2 Fundamentals of the Fluid-Dynamics Description	p. 175
5.2 Applications of the Linear Theory of the Rayleigh-Taylor Instability	p. 180
5.2.1 Rayleigh-Taylor Instability with Two Uniform Fluids	p. 180
5.2.2 Effects of Viscosity on the Rayleigh-Taylor Instability	p. 182
5.2.3 Rayleigh-Taylor with Density Gradients and the Global Mode	p. 187
5.3 The Convective Instability or the Entropy Mode	p. 190
5.4 Buoyancy-Drag Models of the Nonlinear Rayleigh-Taylor State	p. 193
5.5 Mode Coupling	p. 195
5.6 The Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability	p. 202
5.6.1 Fundamental Equations for Kelvin-Helmholtz Instabilities	p. 203
5.6.2 Uniform Fluids with a Sharp Boundary	p. 206
5.6.3 Otherwise Uniform Fluids with a Distributed Shear Layer	p. 208
5.6.4 Uniform Fluids with a Transition Region	p. 209
5.7 Shock Stability and Richtmyer-Meskov Instability	p. 213
5.7.1 Shock Stability	p. 213
5.7.2 Interaction of Shocks with Rippled Interfaces	p. 217
5.7.3 Postshock Evolution of the Interface; Richtmyer Meshkov Instability	p. 219
5.8 Hydrodynamic Turbulence	p. 224
6 Radiative Transfer	p. 237
6.1 Basic Concepts	p. 239
6.1.1 Properties and Description of Radiation	p. 239
6.1.2 Thermal Radiation	p. 244
6.1.3 Types of Interaction Between Radiation and Matter	p. 244
6.1.4 Description of the Net Interaction of Radiation and Matter	p. 247
6.2 Radiation Transfer	p. 249
6.2.1 The Radiation Transfer Equation	p. 249
6.2.2 Radiative Transfer Calculations	p. 250
6.2.3 Opacities in Astrophysics and the Laboratory	p. 255
6.2.4 Radiation Transfer in the Equilibrium Diffusion Limit	p. 258
6.2.5 Nonequilibrium Diffusion and Two-Temperature Models	p. 261
6.3 Relativistic Considerations for Radiative Transfer	p. 262
7 Radiation Hydrodynamics	p. 267
7.1 Radiation Hydrodynamic Equations	p. 270
7.1.1 Fundamental Equations	p. 270
7.1.2 Thermodynamic Relations	p. 272
7.2 Radiation and Fluctuations	p. 274
7.2.1 Radiative Acoustic Waves; Optically Thick Case	p. 274
7.2.2 Cooling When Transport Matters	p. 277
7.2.3 Optically Thin Acoustic Waves	p. 282
7.2.4 Radiative Thermal Instability	p. 285
7.3 Radiation Diffusion and Marshak Waves	p. 287
7.3.1 Marshak Waves	p. 287
7.3.2 Ionizing Radiation Wave	p. 291
7.3.3 Constant-Energy Radiation Diffusion Wave	p. 293
7.4 Radiative Shocks	p. 296
7.4.1 Regimes of Radiative Shocks	p. 296
7.4.2 Fluid Dynamics of Radiative Shocks	p. 301
7.4.3 Models of Radiative Precursors	p. 309
7.4.4 Optically Thin Radiative Shocks	p. 317
7.4.5 Radiative Shocks that are Thick Downstream and Thin Upstream	p. 320
7.4.6 Fluid Dynamics of Optically Thick Radiative Shocks	p. 324
7.4.7 Optically Thick Shocks-Radiative-Flux Regime	p. 326
7.4.8 Radiation-Dominated Optically Thick Shocks	p. 328
7.4.9 Electron-Ion Coupling in Shocks	p. 330
7.5 Ionization Fronts	p. 332
8 Creating High-Energy-Density Conditions	p. 335
8.1 Direct Laser Irradiation	p. 336
8.1.1 Laser Technology	p. 336
8.1.2 Laser Focusing	p. 338
8.1.3 Propagation and Absorption of Electromagnetic Waves	p. 341
8.1.4 Laser Scattering and Laser-Plasma Instabilities	p. 347
8.1.5 Electron Heat Transport	p. 354
8.1.6 Ablation Pressure	p. 361
8.2 Hohlraums	p. 366
8.2.1 X-Ray Conversion of Laser Light	p. 367
8.2.2 X-Ray Production by Ion Beams	p. 372
8.2.3 X-Ray Ablation	p. 372
8.2.4 Problems with Hohlraums	p. 376
8.3 Z-Pinches and Related Methods	p. 379
8.3.1 Z-Pinches for High-Energy-Density Physics	p. 380
8.3.2 Dynamic Hohlraums	p. 387
8.3.3 Magnetically Driven Flyer Plates	p. 390
9 Inertial Confinement Fusion	p. 391
9.1 The Final State	p. 392
9.1.1 What Fuel, Under What Conditions?	p. 393
9.1.2 Energy Gain: Is This Worth Doing?	p. 396
9.1.3 Properties of Compressed DT Fuel	p. 397
9.2 Creating and Igniting the Final State	p. 402
9.2.1 Achieving a Highly Compressed State	p. 402
9.2.2 Igniting the Fuel	p. 407
9.2.3 Igniting from a Central Hot Spot	p. 410
9.2.4 Fast Ignition	p. 412
9.3 Pitfalls and Problems	p. 415
9.3.1 Rayleigh Taylor	p. 415
9.3.2 Symmetry	p. 418
9.3.3 Laser-Plasma Instabilities	p. 419
10 Experimental Astrophysics	p. 423
10.1 Scaling in Hydrodynamic Systems	p. 424
10.2 A Thorough Example: Interface Instabilities in Type II Supernovae	p. 428
10.2.1 The Astrophysical Context for Type II Supernovae	p. 429
10.2.2 The Scaling Problem for Interface Instabilities in Supernovae	p. 432
10.2.3 Experiments on Interface Instabilities in Type II Supernovae	p. 436
10.3 A Second Example: Cloud-Crushing Interactions	p. 439
10.4 Scaling in Radiation Hydrodynamic Systems	p. 441
10.5 Radiative Astrophysical Jets: Context and Scaling	p. 443
10.5.1 The Context for Jets in Astrophysics	p. 443
10.5.2 Scaling from Radiative Astrophysical Jets to the Laboratory	p. 445
10.5.3 Radiative Jet Experiments	p. 447
11 Relativistic High-Energy-Density Systems	p. 449
11.1 Development of Ultrafast Lasers	p. 451
11.2 Single-Electron Motion in Intense Electromagnetic Fields	p. 452
11.3 Initiating Relativistic Laser-Plasma Interactions	p. 461
11.4 Absorption Mechanisms	p. 464
11.5 Harmonic Generation	p. 467
11.6 Relativistic Self-Focusing and Induced Transparency	p. 469
11.7 Particle Acceleration	p. 470
11.7.1 Acceleration Within Plasmas	p. 470
11.7.2 Acceleration by Surface Potentials on Solid Targets	p. 474
11.7.3 Acceleration by Coulomb Explosions	p. 475
11.8 Hole Drilling and Collisionless Shocks	p. 478
11.9 Other Phenomena	p. 482
12 Appendix A: Constants, Acronyms, and Standard Variables	p. 485
13 Appendix B: Sample Mathematica Code	p. 491
14 Appendix C: A List of the Homework Problems	p. 501
Index	p. 529

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