Principles of chemical engineering processes

Title:

Personal Author:

Ghasem, Nayef

Publication Information:

Boca Raton : CRC Press, c2009

Physical Description:

1 CD-ROM ; 12 cm.

ISBN:

9781420080131

General Note:

Accompanies text of the same title : TP155 G47 2009

Subject Term:

Chemical engineering

Added Author:

Henda, Redhouane

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Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
Searching... PSZ JB	30000010235902	CP 023411	Computer File Accompanies Open Access Book	Compact Disk (Open Shelves)	Searching... Unknown

Written in a clear, concise style, Principles of Chemical Engineering Processesprovides an introduction to the basic principles and calculation techniques that are fundamental to the field. The text focuses on problems in material and energy balances in relation to chemical reactors and introduces software that employs numerical methods to solve these problems.

Upon mastery of this material, readers will be able to:

Understand basic processing terminology (batch, semibatch, continuous, purge, and recycle) and standard operations (reaction, distillation, absorption, extraction, and filtration) Draw and fully label a flowchart for a given process description Choose a convenient basis for calculation for both single- and multiple-unit processes Identify possible subsystems for which material and energy balances might be written Perform a degree of freedom analysis for the overall system and each possible subsystem, formulating the appropriate material and energy balance equations Apply the first law of thermodynamics, calculate energy and enthalpy changes, and construct energy balances on closed and open systems

Written as a text to fully meet the needs of advanced undergraduate students, it is also suitable as a reference for chemical engineers with its wide coverage across the biochemical and electromechanical fields. Each chapter of the text provides examples, case studies, and end-of-chapter problems, and the accompanying CD-ROM contains software designed for solving problems in chemical engineering.

Preface	p. xiii
Acknowledgments	p. xvii
Authors	p. xix
Systems of Units	p. xxi
Chapter 1 Introduction	p. 1
At the End of This Chapter You Should Be Able to	p. 1
1.1 Definition of Chemical Engineering	p. 1
1.2 Material and Energy Balances	p. 2
1.3 Values, Units, and Dimensions	p. 3
1.3.1 Systems of Units	p. 4
1.4 Unit Conversion	p. 5
1.4.1 Time	p. 5
1.4.2 Mass	p. 5
1.4.3 Length	p. 6
1.4.4 Volume	p. 6
1.4.5 Density	p. 6
1.4.6 Force	p. 6
1.4.7 Pressure	p. 6
1.4.8 Energy	p. 7
1.4.9 Power	p. 7
1.4.10 Weight	p. 7
1.5 Dimensional Homogeneity	p. 8
1.6 Significant Figures	p. 9
1.6.1 Multiplication and Division	p. 10
1.6.2 Addition and Subtraction	p. 10
1.7 Process and Process Variables	p. 11
1.7.1 Density, Mass, and Volume	p. 12
1.7.2 Flow Rate	p. 12
1.7.3 Moles and Molecular Weight	p. 13
1.7.4 Mass Fraction and Mole Fraction	p. 13
1.7.5 Concentration	p. 13
1.7.6 Pressure	p. 14
1.7.7 Types of Pressures	p. 16
1.7.8 Manometers for Pressure and [Delta]P Measurement	p. 20
1.7.9 Temperature Measurement	p. 23
1.7.10 Converting Temperatures	p. 23
1.7.11 Ideal Gas Law	p. 25
1.7.12 Standard Temperature and Pressure	p. 26
1.8 Process Classification	p. 29
1.9 Problems	p. 29
1.9.1 Process Classification	p. 29
1.9.2 Types of Processes	p. 30
1.9.3 Unit Conversion	p. 30
1.9.4 Flow Rate through Horizontal Pipe	p. 30
1.9.5 Molar Flow Rate	p. 30
1.9.6 Dimensional Homogeneity	p. 30
1.9.7 Calculation of Mass for Specific Gravity and Volume	p. 31
1.9.8 Conversion of Equation to Other Units	p. 31
Further Readings	p. 31
Chapter 2 Process Units and Degree of Freedom Analysis	p. 33
At the End of This Chapter You Should Be Able to	p. 33
2.1 Degree of Freedom Analysis	p. 33
2.1.1 Possible Outcomes of the DFA	p. 34
2.2 Sources of Equations	p. 35
2.3 Process Units: Basic Functions	p. 36
2.3.1 Divider/Splitter	p. 36
2.3.2 Mixer (Blender)	p. 36
2.3.3 Dryer (Direct Heating)	p. 37
2.3.4 Filter	p. 37
2.3.5 Distillation Column	p. 38
2.3.6 Evaporator	p. 39
2.3.7 Dehumidification	p. 40
2.3.8 Humidifier	p. 41
2.3.9 Leaching and Extraction	p. 42
2.3.10 Absorption (Gas Absorption) and Desorption	p. 43
2.3.11 Partial Condenser	p. 44
2.3.12 Flash Vaporizer and Flash Distillation	p. 45
2.3.13 Crystallizer	p. 46
2.3.14 Reactors (Chemical Reactor, Combustor, Furnace, and Reformer)	p. 46
2.3.14.1 Batch Reactor	p. 47
2.3.14.2 Plug Flow and Packed Bed Reactor	p. 48
2.3.14.3 Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor and Fluidized Bed Reactor	p. 48
2.4 Summary of Degree of Freedom Analysis	p. 63
2.5 Problems	p. 64
2.5.1 Absorption of Acetone from Air	p. 64
2.5.2 Separation of Liquid Mixture	p. 64
2.5.3 Absorber-Stripper Process	p. 64
2.5.4 Filtration Processes	p. 65
2.5.5 Evaporation Processes	p. 65
Further Readings	p. 65
Chapter 3 Material Balance in Single-Unit Processes	p. 67
At the End of This Chapter You Should Be Able to	p. 67
3.1 General Material Balance Equation	p. 68
3.1.1 Material Balance Simplifications	p. 69
3.2 Flowcharts	p. 69
3.2.1 Note on Notation	p. 69
3.3 Problems Involving Material Balances on a Single Unit	p. 69
3.4 Material Balance Fundamentals	p. 72
3.4.1 Classification of Processes	p. 73
3.4.1.1 Based on How the Process Varies with Time	p. 73
3.4.1.2 Based on How the Process Was Designed to Operate	p. 73
3.4.2 Types of Balances	p. 73
3.4.3 Stream Specifications	p. 74
3.5 Scaling	p. 76
3.6 Basis for Calculation	p. 76
3.6.1 Concept	p. 76
3.6.2 Method for Solving Material Balance Problems	p. 77
3.6.3 Material Balance on Bioprocesses	p. 93
3.7 Problems	p. 95
3.7.1 Separation of Ethanol-Methanol Process Stream	p. 95
3.7.2 Wet Leather Drying Process	p. 95
3.7.3 Separation of Ethanol-Methanol-Propanol Mixture	p. 95
3.7.4 Ethanol-Water Separation	p. 96
3.7.5 Mixing of Hydrochloric Acid with Water	p. 96
3.7.6 Removal of Acetone from Nitrogen Using an Absorber	p. 96
3.7.7 Separation of Benzene/Toluene Mixture	p. 96
3.7.8 Dilution of Methanol Mixture	p. 96
3.7.9 Humidification Chamber	p. 97
3.7.10 Absorption of Water from a Gas Mixture	p. 97
3.7.11 Drying of Wet Sugar	p. 97
Further Readings	p. 97
Chapter 4 Multiple-Unit Process Calculations	p. 99
At the End of This Chapter You Should Be Able to	p. 99
4.1 Multiple-Unit Process	p. 99
4.2 Recycle, Bypass, Purge, and Makeup	p. 101
4.2.1 Recycle	p. 101
4.2.2 Bypass	p. 102
4.2.3 Purge	p. 103
4.2.4 Makeup	p. 103
4.3 Problems	p. 127
4.3.1 Separations of Benzene, Toluene, Xylene Mixtures	p. 127
4.3.2 Filtration Processes	p. 128
4.3.3 Concentration of Orange Juice	p. 128
4.3.4 Separation of NaCl and KCl Mixture	p. 128
4.3.5 Sulfur Removal System	p. 128
4.3.6 Separation of DMF-Nitrogen Mixture	p. 129
4.3.7 Separation of Benzene-Toluene Mixture	p. 129
4.3.8 Separation of Potassium Nitrate	p. 129
4.3.9 Production of Instant Coffee	p. 130
Further Readings	p. 131
Chapter 5 Material Balances in Reactive Processes	p. 133
At the End of This Chapter You Should Be Able to	p. 133
5.1 Amount of Substance in Moles	p. 133
5.1.1 Why Use the Mole?	p. 133
5.2 General Material Balance	p. 135
5.2.1 Differential Balance	p. 135
5.2.2 Integral Balance	p. 136
5.3 Stoichiometry Basics	p. 136
5.3.1 Stoichiometric Equation	p. 137
5.3.2 Stoichiometric Coefficients (v[subscript i])	p. 137
5.3.3 Stoichiometric Ratio	p. 137
5.4 Limiting and Excess Reactants	p. 138
5.5 Fractional Conversion	p. 141
5.6 Methods of Solving Material Balances Involving Chemical Reactions	p. 141
5.6.1 Extent of Reaction Method	p. 141
5.6.2 Element or Atomic Balance Method	p. 142
5.6.3 Molecular or Component Balance Approach	p. 143
5.7 Multiple Reactions and Extent of Reaction	p. 153
5.8 Degree of Freedom Analysis for Reactive Processes	p. 156
5.8.1 Molecular Species Balances and Extent of Reaction	p. 156
5.8.2 Atomic Species Balances	p. 156
5.9 Independent Chemical Reactions	p. 157
5.10 Independent Species Balances	p. 157
5.11 Chemical Equilibrium	p. 157
5.12 Combustion Reactions	p. 160
5.12.1 Theoretical and Excess Air	p. 160
5.13 Problems	p. 166
5.13.1 Incomplete Combustion of Butane	p. 166
5.13.2 Complete Combustion of Butane	p. 166
5.13.3 Methane Combustion	p. 166
5.13.4 Burning Ethyl Ketone with Excess Air	p. 166
5.13.5 Roasting of Iron Pyrite	p. 166
5.13.6 Water-Gas Shift Reaction	p. 167
5.13.7 Production of Sulfuric Acid	p. 167
Further Readings	p. 168
Chapter 6 Multiple Systems Involving Reaction, Recycle, and Purge	p. 171
At the End of This Chapter You Should Be Able to	p. 171
6.1 Reaction with Product Separation and Recycle	p. 171
6.2 Reaction with Recycle and Purge	p. 172
6.2.1 Flow Sheet for Reaction with Recycle	p. 173
6.2.2 Flow Sheet for Reaction with Recycle and Purge	p. 173
6.3 Reaction and Multiple-Unit Steady-State Processes	p. 177
6.3.1 Auxiliary Relationship	p. 194
6.4 Problems	p. 197
6.4.1 Chemical Reactor Analysis	p. 197
6.4.2 Laundry Detergent Synthesis Process	p. 198
6.4.3 Butanal Production	p. 198
6.4.4 Hydrodealkylation Process	p. 200
6.4.5 Uranium and Zirconium as Nuclear Fuels	p. 200
Further Readings	p. 202
Chapter 7 Energy Balance without Reaction	p. 203
At the End of This Chapter You Should Be Able to	p. 203
7.1 Enthalpy and Energy Balances	p. 203
7.1.1 How Does Energy Move across Systems?	p. 204
7.2 Forms of Energy	p. 204
7.2.1 Kinetic Energy (E[subscript k])	p. 204
7.2.2 Potential Energy (E[subscript p])	p. 205
7.2.3 Internal Energy (U)	p. 205
7.3 Intensive versus Extensive Variables	p. 206
7.4 Transfer of Energy	p. 206
7.5 First Law of Thermodynamics	p. 207
7.5.1 Energy Balance on Closed Systems	p. 207
7.5.2 Possible Simplifications on Energy Balance in a Closed System	p. 208
7.5.3 Energy Balance in Open Systems at Steady State	p. 212
7.5.4 Possible Simplifications on Energy Balance in an Open System	p. 213
7.6 Enthalpy Calculations	p. 214
7.7 Reference States and State Properties	p. 214
7.8 Use of Linear Interpolation in Steam Tables	p. 215
7.9 Enthalpy Change in Nonreactive Processes	p. 216
7.9.1 Enthalpy Change as a Result of Temperature Change	p. 216
7.9.2 Enthalpy Change because of Phase Changes	p. 218
7.9.3 Enthalpy Change because of Mixing	p. 221
7.10 Energy Balance on Bioprocesses	p. 222
7.11 Psychrometric Chart	p. 230
7.12 Summary on Energy Balances without Reaction	p. 238
7.13 Problems	p. 238
7.13.1 Vaporization of Liquid Methanol	p. 238
7.13.2 Heating of Propane	p. 238
7.13.3 Expansion of Wet Steam	p. 239
7.13.4 Open System Energy Balance (Heating of Methanol)	p. 239
7.13.5 Open System Energy Balance (Heating of Liquid Methanol)	p. 240
7.13.6 Vaporization of Liquid n-Hexane	p. 240
7.13.7 Closed System Energy Balance (Heating of Acetone)	p. 240
7.13.8 Open System Energy Balance (Power Output of Turbine)	p. 240
7.13.9 Open System Energy Balance (Power Requirement of Compressor)	p. 240
Further Readings	p. 241
Chapter 8 Energy Balance with Reaction	p. 243
At the End of This Chapter You Should Be Able to	p. 243
8.1 Introduction	p. 243
8.2 Heats of Reaction	p. 243
8.3 Heats of Reaction Using the Extent of Reaction	p. 244
8.3.1 Notes on Heats of Reaction	p. 245
8.4 Reactions in Closed Processes	p. 246
8.5 Measurement of Heats of Reaction	p. 247
8.6 Hess' Law	p. 248
8.7 Calculating Heat of Reaction ([Delta]H[superscript 0 subscript r]) from Heats of Formation	p. 249
8.8 Calculating [Delta]H[subscript r] from Heats of Combustion	p. 250
8.9 Determining [Delta]H[superscript 0 subscript f] from [Delta]H[superscript 0 subscript c]	p. 251
8.10 Energy Balance on Reactive Processes	p. 251
8.10.1 Heat of Reaction Method	p. 252
8.10.2 Heat of Formation Method: Process Path	p. 254
8.11 General Procedure for Energy Balance with Reaction	p. 258
8.12 Processes with Unknown Outlet Conditions	p. 258
8.13 Energy Balance in Bioprocesses	p. 268
8.14 Problems	p. 270
8.14.1 Estimation of Heat of Reaction	p. 270
8.14.2 Production of Superheated Steam	p. 270
8.14.3 Ammonia Synthesis Process	p. 270
8.14.4 Catalytic Transalkylation of Toluene to Benzene	p. 272
8.14.5 Combustion of Methane	p. 273
8.14.6 Anaerobic Yeast Fermentation	p. 273
Further Readings	p. 274
Chapter 9 Combined Material and Energy Balances	p. 277
At the End of This Chapter You Should Be Able to	p. 277
9.1 Material Balances	p. 277
9.1.1 Conversion	p. 277
9.1.2 Yield	p. 278
9.1.3 Selectivity	p. 278
9.1.4 Extent of Reaction ([xi])	p. 278
9.2 Energy Balances	p. 279
9.2.1 Heat of Reaction Method	p. 279
9.2.2 Heat of Formation Method	p. 279
9.2.3 Concept of Atomic Balances	p. 280
9.2.4 Mathematical Formulation of the Atom Balance	p. 280
9.2.5 Degree of Freedom Analysis for the Atom Balance	p. 280
9.2.6 Implementing Recycle on the Separation Process	p. 283
9.3 Problems	p. 311
9.3.1 Mixing of Hot and Cold Ethanol	p. 311
9.3.2 Combustion of Acetylene	p. 311
9.3.3 Dehydrogenation of Ethanol	p. 311
9.3.4 Independent Chemical Reaction	p. 312
9.3.5 Cumene Synthesis	p. 312
9.3.6 Dehydrogenation of Propane	p. 314
Further Readings	p. 314
Chapter 10 Unsteady-State Material and Energy Balances	p. 315
At the End of This Chapter You Should Be Able to	p. 315
10.1 Unsteady-State Material Balance	p. 315
10.2 Unsteady-State Energy Balance	p. 329
10.3 Problems	p. 342
10.3.1 Fluid Flow from Storage Tank	p. 342
10.3.2 Boiling of Water	p. 342
10.3.3 Heating Using Saturated Steam	p. 342
10.3.4 Heating a Solvent in a Stirred Tank	p. 343
10.3.5 Concentration of Reactant as a Function of Time	p. 343
Further Readings	p. 343
Appendices	p. 345
Index	p. 371

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