Telegeoinformatics : location-based computing and services

Title:

Publication Information:

Boca Raton, Fla. : CRC Press, 2004

ISBN:

9780415369763

Subject Term:

Mobile computing

Telecommunication systems

Geographic information systems

Added Author:

Karimi, Hassan A.

Hammad, Amin

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Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
Searching... PSZ JB	30000004996280	QA76.59 T44 2004	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown

This book explains the fundamentals and intricacies of telegeoinformatics. The book is divided into three parts: Theories and Technologies; Integrated Data and Technologies; and Applications. These sections are divided into smaller contributed chapters, each of which addresses a topic crucial to the understanding of telegeoinformatics. This volume covers the concepts and technologies related to GIS and geoprocessing, remote sensing, the GPS, and wireless systems. It also explores the main issues of integrated data and technologies in LBC, LBS, mediated reality, and mobile augmented reality systems. The final part discusses applications of telegeoinformatics in emergency response, mobile inspection data collection, and ITS.

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Telegeoinformatics is a new field that focuses on the theory and applications of integrated telecommunications, geoinformatics, and mobile computing technologies. In telegeoinformatics, different geoinformatics such as geographic information systems (GIS) and global positioning systems (GPS) are used in a distributed mobile computing environment where mobile computers are linked through a wireless network to facilitate location-based computing (LBC) and location-based services (LBSs). In this handbook, edited by Karimi (Univ. of Pittsburgh) and Hammand (Concordia Univ., Montreal), the fundamentals of telegeoinformatics are explained in three sections: "Theories and Technologies," "Integrated Data and Technologies," and "Applications." The chapters can be read in any order, depending on one's interest and expertise. A good index and extensive cross referencing between chapters aid readers in the transitioning from subject to subject and chapter to chapter. This important and unique book will certainly further the understanding of and the application of telegeoinformatics in different environments such as urban planning, emergency response, real time tracking, wireless communication, and the exciting new research in augmented reality. A very readable book. ^BSumming Up: Recommended. Upper-division undergraduates through professionals. W. Weston University of New Orleans

Preface	p. xi
Part 1 Theories and Technologies
Chapter 1 Telegeoinformatics: Current Trends and Future Direction
1.1 Introduction	p. 3
1.2 Architecture	p. 5
1.3 Internet-Based GIS	p. 7
1.4 Spatial Databases	p. 17
1.5 Intelligent Query Analyzer (IQA)	p. 18
1.6 Predictive Computing	p. 20
1.7 Adaptation	p. 21
1.8 Final Remarks	p. 24
References	p. 24
Chapter 2 Remote Sensing
2.1 Introductory Concepts	p. 27
2.1.1 What is Remote Sensing?	p. 27
2.1.2 The Evolution of Remote Sensing	p. 29
2.1.3 Electromagnetic Radiation Principles in Remote Sensing	p. 29
2.2 Remote Sensing Systems	p. 30
2.3 Imaging Characteristics of Remote Sensing Systems	p. 31
2.3.1 Spatial Resolution	p. 31
2.3.2 Spectral Resolution	p. 34
2.3.3 Radiometric Resolution	p. 34
2.3.4 Temporal Resolution	p. 35
2.4 Active Microwave Remote Sensing	p. 35
2.4.1 What is Radar and IFSAR?	p. 35
2.4.2 Introduction to SAR	p. 36
2.4.3 Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (IFSAR)	p. 37
2.4.4 LIDAR	p. 40
2.5 Extraction of Thematic Information from Remotely Sensed Imagery	p. 41
2.5.1 Visual Image Interpretation	p. 41
2.5.2 Digital Image Classification	p. 42
2.5.3 Image Classification Approaches	p. 43
2.5.3.1 Supervised Classification	p. 44
2.5.3.2 Unsupervised Classification	p. 47
2.5.3.3 Hybrid Classification	p. 48
2.5.4 Accuracy Assessment	p. 49
2.5.5 Change Detection	p. 50
2.6 Extraction of Metric Information from Remotely Sensed Imagery	p. 51
2.6.1 Fundamentals of Photogrammetry	p. 51
2.6.2 Photogrammetric Processing of Multiple Photographs	p. 53
2.6.3 Softcopy Photogrammetry	p. 56
2.6.3.1 Softcopy and Analytical Photogrammetry: a Comparison	p. 57
2.6.3.2 Image Sources	p. 57
2.6.3.3 Measurement System	p. 58
2.6.3.4 Interior Orientation Comparison	p. 59
2.6.3.5 Relative Orientation	p. 59
2.6.3.6 Absolute Orientation	p. 60
2.6.3.7 Exterior Orientation	p. 60
2.6.3.8 Restitution	p. 60
2.6.3.9 Orthophoto Generation	p. 61
2.6.4 Direct Georeferencing	p. 61
2.6.5 Photogrammetric Processing of Satellite Imagery	p. 63
2.7 Remote Sensing in Telegeoinformatics	p. 64
2.7.1 Imaging in Telegeoinformatics	p. 64
2.7.2 Mobile Mapping Technology and Telegeoinformatics	p. 64
References	p. 66
Chapter 3 Positioning and Tracking Approaches and Technologies
3.1 Introduction	p. 69
3.2 Global Positioning System	p. 70
3.2.1 Definitions and System Components	p. 70
3.2.2 GPS Signal Structure	p. 72
3.2.3 GPS Observables and the Error Sources	p. 74
3.2.3.1 Systematic Errors	p. 74
3.2.3.1.1 Errors Due to Propagation Media	p. 74
3.2.3.1.2 Selective Availability (SA)	p. 75
3.2.3.2 Mathematical Models of Pseudorange and Carrier Phase	p. 76
3.2.4 Positioning with GPS	p. 78
3.2.4.1 Point vs. Relative Positioning	p. 80
3.2.4.1.1 Point (Absolute) Positioning	p. 80
3.2.4.1.2 Relative Positioning	p. 80
3.2.4.1.3 DGPS Services	p. 81
3.2.4.2 How Accurate is GPS?	p. 83
3.2.5 GPS Instrumentation	p. 84
3.2.6 GPS Modernization and Other Satellite Systems	p. 85
3.3 Positioning Methods Based on Cellular Networks	p. 86
3.3.1 Terminal-Centric Positioning Methods	p. 88
3.3.2 Network-Centric and Hybrid Positioning Methods	p. 90
3.3.3 GSM and UMTS Ranging Accuracy	p. 94
3.4 Other Positioning and Tracking Techniques: An Overview	p. 97
3.4.1 Inertial and Dead Reckoning Systems	p. 97
3.4.1.1 What Are the Errors in Inertial Navigation?	p. 99
3.4.2 Digital Compass	p. 99
3.4.3 Additional Location Tracking Systems	p. 99
3.4.3.1 Acoustic (Ultrasonic) Tracking	p. 100
3.4.3.2 Magnetic Tracking	p. 100
3.4.3.3 Optical Tracking	p. 101
3.4.3.4 Pseudolite Tracking	p. 102
3.5 Hybrid Systems	p. 104
3.6 Summary	p. 106
References	p. 106
Chapter 4 Wireless Communications
4.1 Introduction	p. 111
4.2 Overview of Wireless Systems	p. 112
4.2.1 Classification of Wireless Networks	p. 112
4.2.2 Wireless Network Architectures	p. 115
4.2.2.1 Example of a Complex Architecture: GSM	p. 117
4.2.2.2 Example of a Simple Architecture: IEEE 802.11	p. 119
4.2.2.3 Example of an Ad Hoc Topology: Bluetooth	p. 120
4.2.3 Issues and Challenges in Wireless Networks	p. 121
4.3 Radio Propagation and Physical Layer Issues	p. 122
4.3.1 Characteristics of the Wireless Medium	p. 123
4.3.1.1 Large-Scale Fading	p. 123
4.3.1.2 Small-Scale Fading	p. 124
4.3.1.3 Telegeoinformatics and Radio Propagation	p. 125
4.3.2 Modulation and Coding for Wireless Systems	p. 125
4.4 Medium Access in Wireless Networks	p. 126
4.4.1 Medium Access Protocols for Wireless Voice Networks	p. 127
4.4.2 Medium Access Protocols for Wireless Data Networks	p. 127
4.4.2.1 Random Access Protocols	p. 127
4.4.2.2 Taking Turns Protocols	p. 129
4.4.2.3 Reservation protocols	p. 129
4.4.2.4 Impact on Telegeoinformatics	p. 130
4.5 Network Planning, Design and Deployment	p. 130
4.6 Wireless Network Operations	p. 133
4.6.1 Radio Resources Management	p. 133
4.6.2 Power Management	p. 134
4.6.3 Mobility Management	p. 136
4.6.3.1 Location Management	p. 136
4.6.3.2 Handoff Management	p. 137
4.6.4 Security	p. 138
4.7 Conclusions and the Future	p. 140
References	p. 140
Part 2 Integrated Data and Technologies
Chapter 5 Location-Based Computing
5.1 Introduction	p. 145
5.2 LBC Infrastructure	p. 146
5.3 Location-Based Interoperability	p. 147
5.3.1 Open Distributed Processing and LBC	p. 148
5.3.2 Location Interoperability Protocols	p. 150
5.3.2.1 Location Interoperability Forum (LIF)	p. 151
5.3.2.2 Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) Location Framework	p. 152
5.3.3 Location Specification Languages	p. 153
5.3.3.1 Geography Markup Language	p. 153
5.3.3.2 Point of Interest Exchange Language	p. 156
5.4 Location-Based Data Management	p. 157
5.5 Adaptive Location-Based Computing	p. 159
5.5.1 Motivating Example	p. 159
5.5.2 Metadata Management for Adaptive Location Based Computing	p. 160
5.5.3 Pervasive Catalog Infrastructure	p. 161
5.5.4 Querying Pervasive Catalog	p. 163
5.6 Location-Based Routing as Adaptive LBC	p. 164
5.7 Concluding Remarks	p. 167
References	p. 168
Chapter 6 Location-Based Services
6.1 Introduction	p. 171
6.2 Types of Location-Based Services	p. 171
6.3 What is Unique About Location-Based Services?	p. 172
6.3.1 Integration With e-Business Solutions	p. 174
6.4 Enabling Technologies	p. 175
6.4.1 Spatial Data Management	p. 175
6.4.2 Mobile Middleware	p. 177
6.4.3 Open Interface Specifications	p. 179
6.4.4 Network-Based Service Environment	p. 180
6.4.5 Positioning Equipment	p. 181
6.5 Market for Location-Based Services	p. 182
6.5.1 Location-Based Service Market Players	p. 183
6.6 Importance of Architecture and Standards	p. 184
6.6.1 Java and Location-Based Services	p. 185
6.7 Example Location-Based Services: J-Phone J-Navi (Japan)	p. 186
6.8 Conclusions	p. 187
References	p. 188
Chapter 7 Wearable Tele-Informatic Systems for Personal Imaging
7.1 Introduction	p. 189
7.2 Humanistic Intelligence as a Basis for Intelligent Image Processing	p. 190
7.3 Humanistic Intelligence	p. 191
7.4 'WEARCOMP' as a Means of Realizing Humanistic Intelligence	p. 192
7.4.1 Basic Principles of WearComp as a Tele-Informatic Device	p. 192
7.4.2 The Six Basic Signal Flow Paths of WearComp	p. 194
7.5 Where on the Body Should a Visual Tele-Informatic Device be Placed?	p. 195
7.6 Telepointer: Wearable Hands-Free Completely Self Contained Visual Augmented Reality Without Headwear and Without any Infrastructural Reliance	p. 196
7.6.1 No Need for Headwear or Eyewear if Only Augmenting	p. 196
7.6.2 Computer Mediated Collaborative Living (CMCL)	p. 199
7.7 Portable Personal Pulse Doppler Radar Vision System	p. 201
7.7.1 Radar Vision: Background, Previous Work	p. 202
7.7.2 Apparatus, Method, and Experiments	p. 202
7.8 When Both the Camera and Display are Headword: Personal Imaging and Mediated Reality	p. 205
7.8.1 Some Simple Illustrative Examples	p. 205
7.8.2 Deconfigured Eyes: The Invention of the Reality Mediator	p. 207
7.8.3 Personal Cyborg Logs (glogs) as a Tool for Photojournalists and Reporters	p. 208
7.9 Personal Imaging for Location-Based Services	p. 209
7.9.1 VideoOrbits Head Tracker	p. 209
7.10 Reality Window Manager (RWM)	p. 212
7.10.1 A Simple Example of RWM	p. 213
7.10.2 The Wearable Face Recognizer as an Example of a Reality User Interface	p. 214
7.11 Personal Telegeoinformatics: Blocking Spam with a Photonic Filter	p. 215
7.12 Conclusion	p. 216
References	p. 219
Chapter 8 Mobile Augmented Reality
8.1 Introduction	p. 221
8.1.1 Definition	p. 221
8.1.2 Historical Overview	p. 222
8.1.3 Mobile AR Systems	p. 224
8.2 MARS: Promises, Applications, and Challenges	p. 225
8.2.1 Applications	p. 226
8.2.2 Challenges	p. 232
8.3 Components and Requirements	p. 233
8.3.1 Mobile Computing Platforms	p. 233
8.3.2 Displays for Mobile AR	p. 235
8.3.3 Tracking and Registration	p. 239
8.3.4 Environmental Modeling	p. 243
8.3.5 Wearable Input and Interaction Technologies	p. 245
8.3.6 Wireless Communication and Data Storage Technologies	p. 248
8.3.7 Summary: A Top-of-the-line MARS Research Platform	p. 249
8.4 MARS UI Concepts	p. 250
8.4.1 Information Display and Interaction Techniques	p. 251
8.4.2 Properties of MARS UIs	p. 253
8.4.3 UI Management	p. 254
8.5 Conclusions	p. 255
8.6 Acknowledgements	p. 255
References	p. 256
Part 3 Applications
Chapter 9 Emergency Response Systems
9.1 Overview of Emergency Response Systems	p. 263
9.1.1 General Aspects	p. 263
9.1.2 Structure of ERSs	p. 264
9.2 State-of-the-Art ERSS	p. 266
9.2.1 Strong Motion Instrumentation and ERSs for Earthquake Disaster in California	p. 266
9.2.2 Strong Motion Instrumentation and ERSs for Earthquake Disasters in Japan	p. 268
9.2.3 Strong Motion Instrumentation and ERSs in Taiwan	p. 271
9.2.4 Strong Motion Instrumentation and ERSs in Other Countries	p. 272
9.2.5 ERSs for Floods and other Disasters	p. 272
9.2.6 New Method of Damage Reconnaissance	p. 272
9.3 Examples of Developing ERSs for Earthquakes and Other Disasters	p. 273
9.3.1 Facility Management in Nagoya University	p. 273
9.3.2 Seismic Ground Motion Evaluation	p. 274
9.3.3 Soil Modeling	p. 276
9.3.4 Seismic Damage Estimation	p. 277
9.3.5 Early Seismic Damage Estimation	p. 278
9.3.6 Environmental Vibration Alarm	p. 279
9.3.7 "Anshin-System": Intercommunication System for Earthquake Hazard and Disaster Information	p. 279
9.4 Future Aspects of Emergency Response Systems	p. 282
9.4.1 Implementation Issues	p. 282
9.4.2 Developing New Technologies for ERSs	p. 283
9.5 Concluding Remarks	p. 284
References	p. 284
Chapter 10 Location-Based Computing for Infrastructure Field Tasks
10.1 Introduction	p. 287
10.2 LBC-Infra Concept	p. 290
10.3 Technological Components of LBC-INFRA	p. 291
10.3.1 Mobile and Wearable Computers	p. 291
10.3.2 Spatial Databases	p. 295
10.3.3 Positioning and Tracking Technologies	p. 296
10.3.4 Wireless Communications	p. 299
10.4 General Requirements of LBC-Infra	p. 300
10.5 Interaction Patterns and Framework of LBC-Infra	p. 301
10.5.1 Interaction Patterns of LBC-Infra	p. 302
10.5.2 Interaction Framework	p. 303
10.5.3 Interaction Levels of LBC-Infra	p. 304
10.6 Prototype System and Case Study	p. 306
10.6.1 Software of the Prototype	p. 307
10.6.2 Hardware of the Prototype	p. 309
10.6.3 Preliminary Evaluation of the Prototype System	p. 309
10.7 Conclusions	p. 311
References	p. 311
Chapter 11 The Role of Telegeoinformatics in ITS
11.1 Introduction to Intelligent Transportation Systems	p. 315
11.1.1 The ITS Vision and Functional Areas	p. 315
11.1.2 The ITS Architecture	p. 316
11.2 Telegeoinformatics Within ITS	p. 318
11.2.1 ITS-Telegeoinformatics Technologies	p. 319
11.2.2 ITS-Telegeoinformatics Applications: General Comments	p. 320
11.2.3 The ITS-Telegeoinformatics Development Drivers	p. 321
11.3 The Role of Positioning Systems In ITS	p. 324
11.3.1 Taxonomy of Positioning Systems	p. 324
11.3.2 Attributes of Positioning Systems	p. 325
11.3.3 E911 and Positioning System Development	p. 326
11.4 Geospatial Data for ITS	p. 328
11.4.1 The Digital Map	p. 328
11.4.2 Map Attribute Data	p. 329
11.4.3 Map Display	p. 330
11.4.4 Map-Aided Positioning	p. 332
11.4.5 Navigable Road Map Databases	p. 333
11.5 Communication Systems in ITS	p. 335
11.5.1 Mobile Telephony Systems: GSM and SMS	p. 335
11.5.2 Mobile Telephony Systems: GPRS and 3G	p. 336
11.6 ITS-Telegeoinformatics Applications	p. 337
11.6.1 Driver Assistance	p. 337
11.6.2 Passenger Information	p. 341
11.6.3 Vehicle Management	p. 342
11.7 NON-Technical Issues Impacting on ITS	p. 343
11.8 Concluding Remarks	p. 345
References	p. 345
Chapter 12 The Impact and Penetration of Location-Based Services
12.1 The Definition of Technologies	p. 349
12.2 LBSs: Definitions, Software, and Usage	p. 350
12.3 The Market for LBSs: A Model of the Development of LBSs	p. 353
12.4 Penetration of Mobile Devices: Predictions of Future Markets	p. 356
12.4.1 Summary of the Growth Trend in the Mobile Market	p. 356
12.4.2 Prediction of Growth Trend in the Mobile Market	p. 359
12.5 Impacts of LBSs on Geographical Locations	p. 362
12.6 Conclusions	p. 363
References	p. 365
About the Authors	p. 367
Index	p. 373

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