Water transport in brick, stone and concrete

Title:

Personal Author:

Hall, Christopher

Publication Information:

New York : Spon Press , 2002

ISBN:

9780419228905

Subject Term:

Building materials -- Moisture

Building materials -- Permeability

Dampness in buildings

Added Author:

Hoff, William D.

Available:*

Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
Searching... PSZ JB	30000010018514	TA418.64 H35 2002	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown

This book provides a unified description of transport processes involving saturated and unsaturated flow in inorganic building materials and structures. The book emphasizes fundamental physics and materials science, mathematical description and experimental measurement as a basis for engineering design and construction practice.
Water Transport in Brick, Stone and Concretebrings together in a unified manner current information and guidance on a complex subject. Durability of much of the built infrastructure depends on how water reacts with the construction material concerned, yet the underlying science of deterioration processes is not yet well understood. This book, by the two leading researchers in the fields will provide a central point of reference for the future.

Author Notes

Christopher Hall, Professor of Materials, The University of Edinburgh.
William D Hoff, Professor of Construction Technology and Science, UMIST

List of figures	p. ix
List of tables	p. xii
Acknowledgements	p. xiii
Preface	p. xiv
1 Porous materials	p. 1
1.1 Describing the porosity	p. 1
1.1.1 Connected and disconnected porosity	p. 6
1.1.2 Defining the porosity	p. 8
1.2 Measuring the porosity	p. 9
1.2.1 Liquid saturation methods	p. 9
1.2.2 Helium pycnometry	p. 13
1.2.3 Stereology	p. 14
1.2.4 X-ray and gamma ray attenuation	p. 15
1.2.5 Deductions from the bulk density	p. 16
1.3 Values of the porosity	p. 19
1.4 Properties of the porosity	p. 20
1.4.1 Temperature dependence	p. 20
1.4.2 Stress dependence	p. 21
1.4.3 Scale dependence	p. 21
1.4.4 Formation factor	p. 23
1.5 Pore size and its measurement	p. 23
2 Water in porous materials	p. 29
2.1 Defining the water content	p. 29
2.2 Measuring the water content	p. 31
2.2.1 Direct methods	p. 31
2.2.2 Indirect methods	p. 32
2.2.3 Field methods	p. 37
2.3 How the water is held in a porous material	p. 39
2.3.1 Capillary forces and wetting	p. 39
2.3.2 The Kelvin equation in capillary systems	p. 41
2.3.3 Capillary forces and suction in unsaturated materials	p. 41
2.4 Hydraulic potential	p. 45
2.4.1 Defining the hydraulic potential	p. 45
2.4.2 Equations for the hydraulic potential	p. 49
2.5 Measuring the hydraulic potential	p. 51
2.6 Values of the hydraulic potential	p. 55
2.7 Capillary condensation and hygroscopicity	p. 55
2.8 Changes of appearance on wetting and drying	p. 56
3 Flow in porous materials	p. 61
3.1 Permeability	p. 62
3.1.1 Gas-phase flows	p. 63
3.2 Measuring the permeability	p. 65
3.2.1 Effect of compressive stress on permeability	p. 71
3.2.2 Comment on permeability test methods	p. 71
3.2.3 Gas permeability measurements	p. 72
3.3 Permeabilities of construction materials	p. 72
3.3.1 Permeabilities of cement-based materials	p. 73
3.4 Unsaturated flow: extended Darcy law	p. 76
3.5 The potential-conductivity formulation	p. 78
3.6 Measuring the conductivity	p. 79
3.6.1 Equations for the conductivity	p. 80
3.7 The diffusivity--water-content formulation	p. 80
3.8 Measuring the diffusivity	p. 81
3.8.1 Equations for the diffusivity	p. 84
3.9 Diffusion in the gas phase: vapour transport	p. 85
3.9.1 Measurement of vapour transmission	p. 87
3.10 Liquid--liquid multiphase flows	p. 89
3.11 Miscible displacement and hydrodynamic dispersion	p. 89
3.12 Immiscible displacement	p. 91
3.13 Test methods for two-phase flow properties	p. 93
3.14 An historical note	p. 93
4 Unsaturated flows	p. 97
4.1 One-dimensional water absorption	p. 97
4.2 The sorptivity	p. 100
4.3 The desorptivity	p. 108
4.4 The Sharp Front model	p. 109
4.5 Gravitational effects	p. 119
4.6 Pressure head: integrating saturated and unsaturated flow	p. 123
4.7 Measuring the sorptivity	p. 125
4.7.1 Direct gravimetric method	p. 126
4.7.2 Methods based on penetration distance	p. 130
4.7.3 Methods based on measurement of moisture distributions	p. 131
4.8 Sorptivities of construction materials	p. 132
4.8.1 Sorptivity and composition	p. 132
4.8.2 Sorptivity of cement-based materials	p. 132
5 Unsaturated flow in building physics	p. 140
5.1 Methods of calculation and analysis	p. 140
5.2 Two-dimensional steady flows	p. 141
5.3 Finite sources	p. 142
5.3.1 Field test methods	p. 149
6 Composite materials	p. 158
6.1 Layered materials	p. 159
6.1.1 Two-layer composite	p. 159
6.1.2 Simple surface layers	p. 167
6.1.3 Multiple layers	p. 168
6.1.4 Diffusivity analysis of layered composites	p. 175
6.1.5 Flow parallel to interfaces	p. 177
6.2 Materials with inclusions	p. 178
6.2.1 Non-sorptive inclusions	p. 178
6.2.2 Sorptive inclusions	p. 181
6.3 Other composite materials	p. 186
7 Evaporation and drying	p. 188
7.1 Physics of evaporation	p. 188
7.2 Drying of porous materials	p. 190
7.3 Wick action	p. 198
7.4 Salt crystallisation and efflorescence	p. 200
8 Topics in water transport	p. 203
8.1 Air trapping in water absorption	p. 203
8.2 Physical effects of moisture	p. 210
8.3 Slurries: water retention and transfer	p. 212
8.3.1 Sharp Front analysis of slurry dewatering	p. 214
8.3.2 Measuring slurry hydraulic properties	p. 215
8.3.3 Dewatering in controlled permeability formwork	p. 218
8.3.4 Wet mixes and dry backgrounds	p. 219
8.3.5 Diffusivity model	p. 224
8.3.6 Plastering and bond	p. 224
8.4 Rain absorption on building surfaces	p. 227
8.5 Rising damp in walls	p. 235
8.5.1 Remedial treatments: methods	p. 240
8.5.2 Remedial treatments: requirements	p. 243
8.6 Drying of buildings	p. 247
8.7 Frost damage	p. 247
8.7.1 Effects of freezing	p. 247
8.7.2 Theories to explain damage due to freezing	p. 249
Appendix A Symbols used	p. 258
Appendix B Properties of water	p. 261
Appendix C Minerals, salts and solutions	p. 264
Appendix D Other liquids	p. 267
Appendix E Other data	p. 268
Bibliography	p. 270
Index	p. 314

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Author Notes

Table of Contents