Petroleum refining : 3conversion processes

Title:

Publication Information:

Paris, France : Editions Technip, 2001

ISBN:

9782710807797

9782710806868

Subject Term:

Petroleum -- Refining

Petroleum products

Added Author:

Leprince, Pierre

Added Corporate Author:

Institut Francais du Petrole

Available:*

Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
Searching... PSZ JB	30000004303131	TP690 P37 2001	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown

This five-volume series covers the entire range of technologies used in the petroleum refining industry. The books are intended for students and for the engineers and technicians who operate in refineries.In addition to the detailed description of the conventional separation processes used in refining, this volume devotes ample space to discussing future developments. These include enhancements to existing technologies and the introduction of new technologies and separation processes that are as yet seldom implemented in the industry.Contents: 1. Basics of separation operations. 2. Thermodynamics: phase equilibria. 3. Mass transfer and efficiency of separation operations. 4. Distillation, absorption and stripping. 5. Distillation, absorption and stripping in the petroleum industry. 6. Liquid-liquid extraction. 7. Solvent extraction in the oil industry. 8. Crystallization. 9. Crystallization in the oil industry: solvent dewaxing. 10. Adsorption. 11. Adsorption in the oil and gas industry. 12. Membrane separation. References. Index.

Foreword	p. XIII
Nomenclature	p. XXV
Abbrevations and Acronyms	p. XXVII
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Coping with Challenges (1850-1915)	p. 1
1.2 Developing Processes (1915-1940)	p. 2
1.3 Oil and Growth (1940-1973)	p. 4
1.4 Oil and Crisis (1973-1990)	p. 5
1.5 The Future	p. 6
1.6 Conclusions	p. 9
Chapter 2 Basic Principles Governing Chemical Changes
2.1 Stoichiometry and Associated Parameters	p. 11
2.1.1 The Concept of Advancement (or Molar Extent)	p. 13
2.1.2 Conversion, Selectivity, and Yield	p. 14
2.2 Thermodynamics of Chemical Reactions	p. 17
2.2.1 Enthalpy Variation Associated with a Chemical Reaction	p. 18
2.2.2 Gibbs Energy Variation Associated with a Chemical Reaction	p. 20
2.2.3 Conclusion	p. 26
2.3 Chemical Kinetics	p. 27
2.3.1 Nature and Location of the Reaction Phase	p. 27
2.3.2 Methods of Activating Chemical Reactions. Active Intermediate Forms	p. 28
2.3.3 Formal Chemical Kinetics	p. 31
2.3.4 Classifying Chemical Reactors	p. 47
2.3.5 General Formulation of Mass and Enthalpy Balances	p. 50
Chapter 3 Industrial Catalysts
3.1 The Place of Catalytic Processes in Refining	p. 59
3.2 Classifying Catalysts	p. 63
3.2.1 Active Elements, Promoters	p. 63
3.2.2 Main Types of Refining Catalysts	p. 67
3.3 Catalyst Characteristics and Properties	p. 67
3.3.1 Basic Catalyst Characteristics	p. 69
3.3.2 Intrinsic Characteristics	p. 69
3.3.3 Non-Catalytic Characteristics	p. 70
3.3.4 Determining Basic Catalytic Properties	p. 71
3.3.5 Physicochemical Properties	p. 74
3.4 Preparing the Catalyst	p. 82
3.4.1 Methodology. Optimizing the Formulation	p. 82
3.4.2 Basis for Preparing Catalysts: Unit Operations	p. 84
3.5 Catalyst Regeneration	p. 91
3.5.1 Catalyst Deactivation	p. 91
3.5.2 Regeneration Methods	p. 95
3.6 Conclusion	p. 97
Chapter 4 Catalytic Reforming
4.1 Importance of the Process in Making Up the "Gasoline Pool"	p. 101
4.1.1 Gasolines	p. 101
4.1.2 Motor Fuel Stocks	p. 102
4.1.3 The Catalytic Reforming Process	p. 104
4.2 Process Background	p. 106
4.2.1 Past and Present	p. 106
4.2.2 Future	p. 108
4.3 Data Overview	p. 108
4.3.1 Reactions Involved	p. 108
4.3.2 Reaction Thermodynamics	p. 113
4.3.3 Catalysts	p. 117
4.4 Process Data	p. 142
4.4.1 Operating Variables	p. 142
4.4.2 Influence of Feeds	p. 148
4.5 Technology	p. 148
4.5.1 Fixed Bed	p. 148
4.5.2 Moving Bed	p. 153
4.6 Industrial Performance	p. 157
4.6.1 Processes. Operating Conditions	p. 157
4.6.2 Typical Yields	p. 157
4.6.3 Reformate Characteristics	p. 159
4.6.4 Run Duration. Lifetime	p. 162
4.6.5 Special Runs	p. 162
4.7 Economics	p. 163
4.7.1 Catalytic Reforming Capacity	p. 163
4.7.2 Process Licensors	p. 164
4.7.3 Investment. Operating Costs	p. 164
Chapter 5 Catalytic Cracking
5.1 Historical Overview	p. 169
5.2 The FCC Process	p. 170
5.2.1 Introduction	p. 170
5.2.2 Feeds and Products	p. 171
5.2.3 Description of the Process	p. 172
5.2.4 Thermal Balance	p. 181
5.2.5 Fluidization and Pressure Balance	p. 184
5.2.6 Operating Variables, Conversion, and Cracking Severity	p. 189
5.2.7 Changing Technology	p. 192
5.2.8 Residue Cracking	p. 196
5.3 Reactions, Reactivity, and Mechanisms	p. 199
5.3.1 Reactions	p. 199
5.3.2 Reactivity of Hydrocarbon Families	p. 204
5.3.3 Reactivity of Industrial Feeds	p. 206
5.4 The Catalyst	p. 210
5.4.1 Historical Background	p. 210
5.4.2 Description of a Modern FCC Catalyst	p. 211
5.4.3 Design and Selection of an FCC Catalyst	p. 216
5.5 Economics	p. 223
5.6 Conclusion	p. 223
Chapter 6 Isomerization of Light Paraffins
6.1 Isomerization of C[subscript 5]-C[subscript 6] Paraffins	p. 229
6.1.1 Aim	p. 229
6.1.2 Thermodynamics	p. 231
6.1.3 The Catalyst	p. 231
6.1.4 Reaction Mechanism	p. 233
6.1.5 Kinetics	p. 237
6.1.6 The Isomerization Process	p. 237
6.1.7 Economics	p. 247
6.2 Isomerization of n-Butane	p. 251
6.2.1 Aim	p. 251
6.2.2 Thermodynamics	p. 252
6.2.3 Catalysts	p. 252
6.2.4 Reaction Mechanism	p. 252
6.2.5 Kinetics	p. 253
6.2.6 Process	p. 253
Chapter 7 Aliphatic Alkylation
7.1 Role of the Process in Gasoline Production	p. 257
7.2 Reaction Thermodynamics	p. 258
7.3 Alkylate Compositions	p. 259
7.4 Catalysts	p. 262
7.5 Reaction Mechanisms	p. 262
7.5.1 Alkylate Production Mechanisms	p. 263
7.5.2 Red Oil Production Mechanisms	p. 264
7.5.3 Structure and Function of Red Oils	p. 265
7.6 Process Data	p. 266
7.6.1 Feed Composition	p. 266
7.6.2 Feed Pretreatment	p. 268
7.6.3 Operating Conditions	p. 269
7.6.4 Sulfuric Acid Alkylation Processes	p. 272
7.6.5 HF Alkylation Processes	p. 281
7.7 Economics	p. 285
7.7.1 Investments	p. 285
7.7.2 Operating Costs	p. 285
7.7.3 Installed Capacity	p. 286
7.8 Future Trends	p. 287
7.8.1 Two-Step Process	p. 287
7.8.2 Solid Acid Catalysts	p. 287
Chapter 8 Olefin Etherification
8.1 Main Ethers Used in Refining	p. 291
8.1.1 Properties of Ethers	p. 292
8.1.2 Sources of Feedstocks	p. 294
8.1.3 Integrated Etherification Process in a Refinery Scheme	p. 298
8.2 Basic Data	p. 298
8.2.1 Reaction Mechanism	p. 298
8.2.2 Reaction Kinetics and Thermodynamics	p. 301
8.2.3 Catalysts	p. 301
8.2.4 Side Reactions	p. 302
8.3 Process Data	p. 303
8.3.1 Feed Treatment	p. 303
8.3.2 Raffinate Treatment	p. 304
8.3.3 Operating Conditions	p. 304
8.3.4 Process Flow Schemes	p. 305
8.3.5 Reactor Design	p. 313
8.3.6 Product Yield and Quality	p. 314
8.4 Economics	p. 314
8.4.1 Production Capacity	p. 315
8.4.2 Process Licensors	p. 316
8.4.3 Investments	p. 317
Chapter 9 Oligomerization
9.1 Background Information	p. 321
9.1.1 Acid Catalysis	p. 322
9.1.2 Catalysis by Transition Metals	p. 323
9.2 Industrial Processes	p. 324
9.2.1 Catpoly Process (UOP)	p. 324
9.2.2 Polynaphta Process (IFP)	p. 326
9.2.3 Dimersol Process (IFP)	p. 328
9.2.4 MOGD Process (Mobil Olefin to Gasoline and Distillate)	p. 329
9.3 Economics	p. 331
9.3.1 Process Licensors	p. 331
9.3.2 Investments. Operating Costs	p. 331
Chapter 10 Hydrocracking
10.1 Function of the Process	p. 334
10.2 Background Information	p. 338
10.2.1 Typical Composition of Hydrocracking Feeds	p. 338
10.2.2 Reaction Families	p. 338
10.2.3 Reaction Thermodynamics	p. 341
10.2.4 Kinetic Data	p. 342
10.2.5 Catalysts	p. 342
10.2.6 Effects of Feed Impurities and Components	p. 347
10.3 Process Data	p. 348
10.3.1 Typical Flow Schemes	p. 348
10.3.2 Operating Conditions	p. 350
10.3.3 Product Yields and Quality	p. 355
10.3.4 Hydrogen Consumption	p. 360
10.4 Economics	p. 362
10.4.1 Hydrocracking Capacity	p. 362
10.4.2 Process Licensors	p. 362
10.4.3 Investments and Operating Costs	p. 362
Chapter 11 Visbreaking of Residues
11.1 Background Information	p. 365
11.1.1 Feed Composition	p. 365
11.1.2 Cracking Reactions	p. 366
11.1.3 Reaction Kinetics and Mechanism	p. 366
11.2 Process Data	p. 366
11.2.1 Operating Variables	p. 366
11.2.2 Product Properties and Yields	p. 368
11.3 Implementing the Visbreaking Process	p. 371
11.3.1 Process Flow Schemes	p. 371
11.3.2 Specific Equipment	p. 373
11.3.3 Environment	p. 378
11.4 Economics	p. 378
Chapter 12 Coking
12.1 Delayed Coking	p. 381
12.1.1 Feed Types	p. 381
12.1.2 Background Information	p. 382
12.1.3 Products	p. 384
12.1.4 Typical Product Yields and Characteristics	p. 387
12.1.5 Description of the Delayed Coking Process	p. 387
12.1.6 Coke Calcination	p. 396
12.1.7 Economic Considerations	p. 397
12.2 Fluid Coking: Flexicoking	p. 398
12.2.1 Feed Types	p. 399
12.2.2 Background Information	p. 399
12.2.3 Typical Yields	p. 400
12.2.4 Process Description	p. 400
12.2.5 Uses for Low Btu Gas	p. 405
12.2.6 Use of Purge Coke	p. 406
12.2.7 Economic Information	p. 406
Chapter 13 Residue Hydroconversion
13.1 Integration in a Refinery	p. 411
13.2 General Introduction to Residue Hydroconversion Processes	p. 411
13.3 Background Information	p. 413
13.3.1 Chemical Reactions	p. 413
13.3.2 Catalysts	p. 418
13.3.3 Kinetics and Operating Conditions: Conversion to Light Fractions, Metals, Sulfur, and Nitrogen Elimination	p. 427
13.4 Technologies and Process Data	p. 429
13.4.1 Fixed Bed Processes	p. 429
13.4.2 Moving Bed Processes	p. 435
13.4.3 Ebullating Bed Processes	p. 437
13.4.4 Entrained Bed Processes	p. 441
13.4.5 Advantages and Drawbacks of the Four Types of Process. Product Yields and Characteristics	p. 441
13.4.6 Associating the Hydrotreating Process with Deasphalting and Hydrogen Production	p. 444
13.5 Economics	p. 448
Chapter 14 Hydrogen Production
14.1 Hydrogen in the Refinery	p. 451
14.1.1 Requirements	p. 451
14.1.2 Sources	p. 452
14.1.3 Hydrogen Balance	p. 453
14.2 Hydrogen Production by Steam Reforming	p. 455
14.2.1 Production of Synthesis Gas	p. 455
14.2.2 Carbon Monoxide to Hydrogen Conversion	p. 465
14.2.3 Carbon Dioxide Removal	p. 468
14.2.4 Methanation of Residual CO and CO[subscript 2]	p. 473
14.2.5 Purification by Adsorption	p. 473
14.2.6 Comparison of Conventional Methanation and Adsorption (PSA) Methods	p. 475
14.2.7 Ongoing Developments	p. 477
14.3 Hydrogen Production by Partial Oxidation	p. 480
14.3.1 Synthesis Gas Production	p. 480
14.3.2 Hydrogen Production Sequencing	p. 486
14.4 Hydrogen and Electricity Coproduction	p. 492
14.5 Other Technologies	p. 492
14.5.1 Hytex Process	p. 492
14.5.2 Catalytic Autothermal Process	p. 495
14.6 Economics	p. 495
14.6.1 Process Licensors	p. 495
14.6.2 Investments	p. 497
14.6.3 Production Costs	p. 498
14.6.4 Cost of Other Sources of Hydrogen	p. 500
Chapter 15 White Products Refining by Sweetening
15.1 Mercaptan Distribution in Petroleum Cuts	p. 503
15.2 Background Data	p. 506
15.2.1 Recapitulation of Process History	p. 508
15.2.2 Current Technologies	p. 511
15.3 Industrial Processes	p. 513
15.3.1 Liquid/Liquid Contact Technologies	p. 513
15.3.2 Fixed Bed Catalyst Processes	p. 522
15.4 Economic Data	p. 526
15.4.1 General Information	p. 526
15.4.2 Process Licensors. Treatment Capacity	p. 528
15.4.3 Basis for an Economic Estimate	p. 528
Chapter 16 Hydrotreating
16.1 Objectives of Hydrotreating Processes	p. 533
16.2 Impurities and their Origins	p. 534
16.2.1 Heteroatoms and Metals	p. 534
16.2.2 Unsaturated Products	p. 537
16.3 Hydrotreating Processes	p. 537
16.4 Background Information	p. 538
16.4.1 Hydrotreating Reactions	p. 538
16.4.2 Catalysts	p. 546
16.5 Process Information	p. 549
16.5.1 Catalyst Reaction Kinetics	p. 549
16.5.2 Operating Variables	p. 551
16.5.3 Implementing Catalysts	p. 556
16.6 Process Technology	p. 558
16.6.1 Reactors	p. 558
16.6.2 Process Flow Schemes	p. 558
16.6.3 Selecting Construction Materials	p. 563
16.7 Industrial Performance	p. 564
16.7.1 Feed Pretreatment for Gasoline Catalytic Reforming Units	p. 564
16.7.2 Hydrotreating Kerosene and Gas Oil	p. 566
16.7.3 Hydrotreating Vacuum Distillates	p. 568
16.8 Economics	p. 569
16.8.1 Investments	p. 569
16.8.2 Hydrotreating Capacity Worldwide	p. 572
16.8.3 Process Licensors and Catalyst Suppliers	p. 572
Chapter 17 Acid gas treatment
17.1 Absorption of Acid Gases by a Solvent	p. 575
17.1.1 The Different Solvents	p. 575
17.1.2 Simplified Flow Scheme of a Solvent Washing Unit	p. 577
17.1.3 Background Information	p. 579
17.1.4 Technology and Process Data	p. 581
17.1.5 Process Performance	p. 592
17.1.6 Safety and Environmental Issues	p. 592
17.1.7 Process Licensors	p. 593
17.2 Sulfur Recovery Units	p. 593
17.2.1 Sulfur Recovery with the Vapor Phase Claus Reaction	p. 594
17.2.2 Sulfur Recovery by Oxidation	p. 609
17.2.3 Tail Gas Treatment Units	p. 611
17.2.4 Process Performance Figures	p. 618
17.2.5 Economics	p. 618
Chapter 18 Desulfurization of Stack Gases
18.1 Legislation	p. 624
18.2 Principle of Stack Gas Desulfurization Processes	p. 625
18.2.1 Choice of Sulfur Oxide Chemical Reactant	p. 626
18.2.2 Operating Conditions	p. 626
18.2.3 Regenerative Processes and Throwaway Processes	p. 626
18.3 Characteristics of Stack Gas Desulfurization Processes	p. 627
18.3.1 Stack Gas/Reactant Contactor	p. 627
18.3.2 Heating the Stack Gases	p. 628
18.3.3 Corrosive Nature of the Stack Gases	p. 629
18.4 The Main Processes	p. 629
18.4.1 Processes Using Lime or Limestone	p. 629
18.4.2 Semiwet Processes	p. 631
18.4.3 Dry Processes with Discharges	p. 632
18.4.4 Regenerative Processes with Production of Concentrated SO[subscript 2]	p. 633
Chapter 19 Water Treatment
19.1 Source and Type of Water Requiring Purification	p. 639
19.1.1 Waste Water from Refining Processes	p. 640
19.1.2 General Refinery Effluents	p. 642
19.2 Purification Treatment Method	p. 644
19.2.1 Segregation of Discharge Streams	p. 644
19.2.2 Characteristic Parameters of Waste Water Treatments	p. 645
19.2.3 Process Condensate Stripping (Sour Water)	p. 649
19.2.4 Oil in Water Separation	p. 650
19.2.5 Catalytic Oxidation of Sulfides with Air	p. 653
19.2.6 Physicochemical Treatment	p. 653
19.2.7 Aerobic Biological Treatment	p. 655
19.2.8 Tertiary Purification for Very Stringent Discharge Standards. Recycling	p. 663
Index	p. 667

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