Thin layer chromatography in drug analysis

Used routinely in drug control laboratories, forensic laboratories, and as a research tool, thin layer chromatography (TLC) plays an important role in pharmaceutical drug analyses. It requires less complicated or expensive equipment than other techniques, and has the ability to be performed under field conditions. Filling the need for an up-to-date, complete reference, Thin Layer Chromatography in Drug Analysis covers the most important methods in pharmaceutical applications of TLC, namely, analysis of bulk drug material and pharmaceutical formulations, degradation studies, analysis of biological samples, optimization of the separation of drug classes, and lipophilicity estimation.

The book is divided into two parts. Part I is devoted to general topics related to TLC in the context of drug analysis, including the chemical basis of TLC, sample pleparation, the optimization of layers and mobile phases, detection and quantification, analysis of ionic compounds, and separation and analysis of chiral substances. The text addresses the newest advances in TLC instrumentation, two-dimensional TLC, quantification by slit scanning densitometry and image analysis, statistical processing of data, and various detection and identification methods. It also describes the use of TLC for solving a key issue in the drug market--the presence of substandard and counterfeit pharmaceutical products.

Part II provides an in-depth overview of a wide range of TLC applications for separation and analysis of particular drug groups. Each chapter contains an introduction about the structures and medicinal actions of the described substances and a literature review of their TLC analysis. A useful resource for chromatographers, pharmacists, analytical chemists, students, and R&D, clinical, and forensic laboratories, this book can be utilized as a manual, reference, and teaching source.

Author Notes

Łukasz Komsta currently serves as assistant professor in the Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Poland. His research interests include the theory and application of liquid chromatography, especially in connection with computational chemistry and chemometrics, as well as the application of chromatographic methods, especially thin layer chromatography (TLC), in the analysis of drugs. Dr. Komsta is the author or coauthor of more than 80 scientific papers and about 70 scientific conference papers. Since 2011, he has been a member of the editorial board of the journal Acta Chromatographica . He also serves as section editor for the Polish scientific journal Current Issues in Pharmacy and Medical Sciences .

Monika Waksmundzka-Hajnos currently serves as full professor of pharmacy and head of the Department of Inorganic Chemistry at the Faculty of Pharmacy of the Medical University of Lublin, Poland. Her research interests include the theory and application of liquid chromatography, taking into consideration the optimization of chromatographic systems for the separation and quantitation of drugs and their degradation products in pharmaceutical preparations and drugs and their metabolites in body fluids, as well as isolation and/or separation of secondary metabolites in extracts of plant tissues. Professor Waksmundzka-Hajnos is the author or coauthor of about 150 papers, approximately 300 conference papers, and several chapters in known chromatographic textbooks. She is editor of the journal Acta Chromatographica and a member of the editorial board of Journal Planar Chromatography - Modern TLC . Since 2011, she has been a member of the editorial board of The Scientific World Journal--Analytical Chemistry . Professor Waksmundzka-Hajnos is the co-editor of two books from the Chromatographic Science Series: Thin-Layer Chromatography in Phytochemistry (2008, with Teresa Kowalska and Joseph Sherma) and High Performance Liquid Chromatography in Phytochemical Analysis (2010, with Joseph Sherma).

Joseph Sherma is currently John D. and Francis H. Larkin Professor Emeritus of Chemistry at Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania. Professor Sherma has authored, coauthored, edited, or coedited more than 750 publications, including research papers and review articles in peer- reviewed journals; approximately 30 invited book chapters; and more than 70 books and U.S. government agency manuals in the areas of analytical chemistry and chromatography. In addition to his research in the techniques and applications of thin layer chromatography, Professor Sherma has a very productive interdisciplinary research program in the use of analytical chemistry to study biological systems with Biology Professor Emeritus Bernard Fried. Professor Sherma served for 23 years as editor for residues and trace elements of the J ournal of AOAC International and is currently that journal's Acquisitions Editor.

Lukasz Komsta and Monika Waksmundzka-Hajnos and Joseph ShermaOliwia Szerkus and Michal J. MarkuszewskiFred Rabel and Joseph ShermaMiroslaw Hawryl and Anna HawrylMonika Waksmtindzka-HajnosRoman Kaliszan and Michal Piotr Marszal lShuchi Dixit and Ravi BhushanBeata Polak and Radoslaw Gwarda and Ewelina Kopcial and Tadeusz H. DzidoHitba KalászBernd Spangenberglukasz Komstalukasz Ciesla and Iwona KowalskaZvaslov Lj. Tešic and Dušanka M. Milojkovic-OpsenicaEliangiringa Kaale and Peter Risha and Thomas Layloff and Joseph ShermaRobert SkibinskiClaudia Cimpoiu and Anamaria HosuGrzegon JózwiakArkadiusz PomykalskiAnna PetruczynikMaja M. NalicJoanna DrozdBeata Pawlukasz CieslaSigrid Mennickent and Maria de Diego and Mario Vega and Carmen Gloria GodoyRafat PietrasDanica Agbaba and Katarina NikolicAnna Gumieniczek and Anna BereckaMarica Medic-Šaric and Mirza Bojic and Zeljko Debeljaklukasz KomstaPrzemyslaw Talik and Jan KrzekRadoslaw J. Ekiert and Jan KrzekDušanka M. Milojkovic-Opsenica and Maja M. NaticTadeusz Inglotlukasz KomstaRada M. Baošiclukasz KomstaMariusz Stolarczyk and Anna Apola and Jan KrzekUrszula Hubicka and Anna Maslanka and Jan KrzekAnna Gumieniczek and Anna BereckaDanica Agbaba and Gordana PopovicAlina PykaAnna Apola and Mariusz Stolarczyk and Jan KrzekIrena Choma and Wioleta JesionekDorota KowalczukAnamaria Hosu and Claudia CimpoiuZivoslav Lj. Tešic and Jelena D. TrifkovicMonika Dabrowska and Malgorzata StarekMalgorzata Starek and Monika DabrowskaAnna Gumieniczek and Anna BereckaDuygu YeniceliMieczyslaw Sajewicz and Teresa Kowalska

Preface	p. xvii
Editors	p. xix
Contributors	p. xxiii
Part I Theory of Thin Layer Chromatography in Context of Pharmaceutical Analysis
Chapter 1 Overview of Drug Analysis and Structure of the Book	p. 3
Chapter 2 Chemistry of Drugs and Its Influence on Retention	p. 7
Chapter 3 Sorbents and Layers Used in Drug Analysis	p. 23
Chapter 4 Optimization of the Mobile Phase Composition	p. 41
Chapter 5 Chromatographic Analysis of Ionic Drugs	p. 63
Chapter 6 Ionic Liquid Additives to Mobile Phases	p. 83
Chapter 7 Chromatographic Analysis of Chirul Drugs	p. 97
Chapter 8 Chambers, Sample Application, and New Devices in the Chromatography of Drugs	p. 131
Chapter 9 2D Planar Chromatography	p. 147
Chapter 10 Quantitative Detection of Drugs by Densitometry and Video Scanning	p. 169
Chapter 11 Statistical Evaluation and Validation of Quantitative Methods of Drug Analysis	p. 187
Chapter 12 Detection and Identification in TLC Drug Analysis	p. 193
Chapter 13 TLC Determination of Drug Lipophilicity	p. 225
Chapter 14 Screening of Substandard and Fake Drugs in Underdeveloped Countries by TLC	p. 247
Part II Planar Chromatography of Particular Drug Groups
Chapter 15 TLC of Antidepressants and Neuroleptics	p. 267
Chapter 16 TLC of Anxiolytics and Sedatives	p. 279
Chapter 17 TLC of Morphine Analogs	p. 323
Chapter 18 TLC of Nonopioid Analgesics, Anti-Inflammatics, and Antimigraine Drugs	p. 333
Chapter 19 TLC of Ergot Alkaloid Derivatives	p. 351
Chapter 20 Thin-Layer Chromatography of Anesthetics	p. 355
Chapter 21 TLC of Psychostimulants	p. 399
Chapter 22 TLC of Antiepileptics	p. 437
Chapter 23 TLC of Alzheimer's Disease Medicines	p. 449
Chapter 24 TLC of Antiparkinsonians	p. 459
Chapter 25 Thin-Layer Chromatography of Cardiac Drugs	p. 469
Chapter 26 TLC of Antihypertensive and Antihypotensive Drugs	p. 481
Chapter 27 TLC of Beta-Blockers and Beta-Agonists	p. 527
Chapter 28 TLC of Antithrombotics	p. 549
Chapter 29 TLC of Antihyperlipidemics	p. 563
Chapter 30 TLC of Spasmolytics	p. 569
Chapter 31 TLC of Mucolytic, Antitussive, and Antiasthmatic Drugs	p. 591
Chapter 32 TLC of Neuromuscular Blockers	p. 605
Chapter 33 TLC of Antiulcers	p. 631
Chapter 34 TLC of Antiemetic Drugs	p. 637
Chapter 35 TLC of Steroids and Analogs	p. 641
Chapter 36 TLC of Drugs Used in Obesity and Sexual Dysfunction Treatment	p. 691
Chapter 37 TLC of Prostaglandins	p. 695
Chapter 38 TLC of Diuretics	p. 707
Chapter 39 TLC of Antidiabetics	p. 739
Chapter 40 TLC of Antihistamines	p. 751
Chapter 41 TLC of Vitamins Including Nicotinic Acid Derivatives	p. 773
Chapter 42 TLC of Antiseptics	p. 811
Chapter 43 TLC of Sulfonamides	p. 819
Chapter 44 TLC of Quinolones	p. 845
Chapter 45 Thin-Layer Chromatography of Tuberculostatic Drugs	p. 865
Chapter 46 TLC of Antifungal and Antiprotozoal Drugs	p. 875
Chapter 47 TLC of p-Lactam Antibiotics	p. 921
Chapter 48 TLC of Other Antibiotics	p. 947
Chapter 49 Thin-Layer Chromatography of Antiviral Drugs	p. 985
Chapter 50 Thin-Layer Chromatography of Anticancer Drugs	p. 995
Chapter 51 Uncertainty Factors in the Enantioseparation of Chiral Drugs on Silica Gel Layers	p. 1009
Index	p. 1017

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