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Cover image for WAP-the Wireless Application Protocol : writing applications for the mobile Internet
Title:
WAP-the Wireless Application Protocol : writing applications for the mobile Internet
Publication Information:
Boston : Addison-Wesley, 2001
ISBN:
9780201703115
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30000004357947 TK5105.55 W66 2001 Open Access Book Book
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Summary

Summary

This book is an example of a unique partnership of motivated, technical teammates and would-be competitors coming together to develop a real how to book on the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP). . . . The authors are all actively working in the wireless and Internet industry, on the front line, helping to develop and deliver services to customers using a new wireless Internet standard. . . . They have produced a WAP reference that will become required reading for anyone planning to create applications, author content, or deliver or deploy services to wireless devices. --From the Foreword by Gregory G. Williams, Chairman of the WAP Forum The mobile Internet builds on a radical shift in the way we work, play, and communicate, extending traditional Internet and Web services to wireless devices such as cellular phones and personal digital assistants (PDAs). This book is about the mobile Internet, the technology that powers it, and how to write content and applications for this new environment. It is both a tutorial and a reference for two major audiences: content and application developers who need clear, technical details to guide their work, and business strategists and service p


Author Notes

Sandeep Singhal is CTO of ReefEdge, Inc.--a wireless applications and infrastructure company based in Fort Lee, New Jersey. He was formerly Chief Architect and a Senior Technical Staff Member for IBM''s Pervasive Computing Division, where he was responsible for product design to support network connectivity from a broad range of sub-PC devices to Web servers and application infrastructure. He previously worked as a Research Staff Member in IBM''s T. J. Watson Research Center and as a Software Engineer for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). He is also an adjunct assistant professor on the graduate faculty at North Carolina State University in Raleigh.

Sandeep''s interests include network protocol design for large-scale collaborative and real-time systems, object-oriented software engineering, and network computing for pervasive computing devices. His credits include dozens of publications, including Networked Virtual Environments (Addison-Wesley, 1999), and ten issued patents. He served for the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) on an advisory board defining a long-term networked virtual environment research agenda and participated in a National Research Council effort to link military and entertainment applications of simulation technology. Sandeep also played a key role in defining and implementing the Defense Department''s High Level Architecture (HLA) for distributed simulation.

Sandeep has participated in the WAP Forum since February of 1998. He currently chairs the User Agent Profile drafting committee and the Architectural Consistency Group at the WAP Forum. He is a member of the W3C Mobile Access Interest Group and is actively working toward converging WAP technologies with the larger Web.

Sandeep holds M.S. and Ph.D degrees in computer science from Stanford University, as well as B.S. degrees in computer science and in mathematical sciences and a B.A. in mathematics from Johns Hopkins University. Tom Bridgman is a software engineer in IBM''s Research Division, located in Yorktown Heights, New York. He joined IBM in 1989, working on network-based managed client environments for OS/2 and Windows. Since 1997, he has concentrated on development for pervasive computing devices, and he was one of the principal designers for the first release of Lotus Wireless Domino Access (now Mobile Services for Domino)--IBM''s first product supporting HDML smart phones. Tom has been an IBM representative to the WAP Forum since February 1999, concentrating on the Wireless Application Environment Subgroup of the Wireless Applications Group. He has recently assumed editorship of the WML 1.x specification. Lalitha Suryanarayana is a Senior Member of Technical Staff at Austin, Texas based SBC Technology Resources (TRI), the applied research arm of the SBC Communications family of companies. She is responsible for developing new services architecture strategy for wireless and other emerging data technologies. She has been with SBC TRI since 1997 and was formerly a Member of Technical Staff in NYNEX (now Bell Atlantic) Science and Technology in White Plains, NY.

With nine years in telecommunications research and development, Lalitha has had extensive experience in developing services in the voice and data worlds. She led the implementation of NYNEX''s CallAbility Feature AccessSM. She has participated in the design of Southwestern Bell''s first AIN mass-market service, Outgoing Call ControlSM, and more recently, in the architecture for Online OfficeSM. Lalitha''s research interests include defining network and device agnostic architectures for interactive and collaborative data applications.

Lalitha has participated in the WAP Forum since October of 1998. She is currently serving on the WAP-W3C Coordination Committee, representing the WAP Forum in coordination activities associated with the convergence of mobile Internet with the larger Web. In addition, she is on the Drafting Committee for WAP User Agent Profile where she has been responsible for authoring the schema and vocabulary specifications for UAProf. She also participates in CC/PP standardization efforts within the World Wide Web Consortium.

Lalitha holds a M.S. degree in Electrical Engineering from Polytechnic University, New York and is currently working towards an MBA at the University of Texas, Austin. Daniel Mauney has designed wireless software and hardware user interfaces for more than six years. Currently, he is the Director of the Human Factors Engineering Group at Mobileum, Inc., a leading provider of solutions designed to power the global wireless e-commerce market. Dan is responsible for defining and designing the user interface for wireless Internet sites, and he participates in the WAP Forum.

Formerly, Dan was a senior member of technical staff in the Human Factors Engineering group at SBC Technology Resources, the applied research and development arm of SBC. He was responsible for defining, designing, and evaluating the user interface of WAP applications offered by the SBC Communications family of companies (including Southwestern Bell Wireless, Pacific Bell Wireless, Ameritech, and Cellular One). Prior to SBC, Dan was with Jabra Corporation, a small company that makes hands-free communications devices.

Dan holds a Ph.D. in industrial and systems engineering with an emphasis in human factors from Virginia Tech. He has published numerous papers and has been granted five patents, with two additional patents pending. Jari Alvinen is a Senior Specialist for Nokia Mobile Phones based in Tampere, Finland. He is responsible of standardization activities in the Wireless Application Protocol Forum and other WAP-related technologies. Jari has been with Nokia since 1999 and was formerly Manager of technology research and architecture in TeamWARE, Wireless Solutions.

He has been working with mobile applications since 1994 and has participated in the WAP Forum since February of 1998. He currently chairs the WAP Push drafting committee at the WAP Forum and is a member of the WAP Specification Committee.

Jari holds B.Sc. degree in computer science from Espoo-Vantaa Institute of Technology, as well as B.Sc. degree in telecommunications from R haki Institute of Technology, Finland. Dave Bevis is an architect for IBM''s Pervasive Computing division based in Hursley, England. He is responsible for mobile data communications system design.

He has worked in the mobile communications arena for more than 10 years, in development of both hardware and software, and more recently as a consultant. Dave qualified in telecommunications and radio and line transmission while working for the Marconi Company in England and subsequently worked for IBM in both Germany and the United States.

Dave has been a telecommunications representative for IBM on several mobile computing forums, such as the European Community ACTS projects on mobility and the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) working on Applications for Trans European Trunked Radio Association (TETRA). He currently serves as secretary for the WAP Forum''s Wireless Application Group (WAG) and as editor of the WBXML specification. Previously, he represented IBM on the WAP Forum''s Board of Drectors. Jim Chan is the director of wireless network technologies at Mobileum, Inc. He contributes to the WAP Forum''s WTA and WAP NG working groups, and the Location-Based Services Drafting Committee. Prior to this position, Jim was a senior member of technical staff of the Wireless Systems Division at SBC''s Technology Resources, Inc. His projects included Wireless Telephony Applications (WTA), emergency and location-based services (LBS), wireless number portability, wireless communications for law enforcement, and speech recognition for wireless applications. From 1990 to 1997, Jim was with BellSouth''s Science and Technology group where he worked on specification and development of Advanced Intelligent Network (AIN) services. His background includes working on several telecommunications and data communications start-up projects.

He received his MSEE from Georgia Tech and is a registered Professional Engineer (PE) and Certified Computing Professional. He has been granted three patents and has one patent pending. Stefan Hild has been involved with mobile communications research and development since 1992, working in IBM laboratories at Heidelberg (Germany), Hursley (UK), and Zurich (Switzerland). He holds doctorate and undergraduate degrees in computer science from the University of Cambridge, England and the University of London, respectively. Stefan has presented at a number of conferences and published articles in journals and trade magazines. He is a member of the IEEE and a Fellow of the Cambridge Philosophical Society.

Most recently, Stefan and his colleagues at IBM Zurich Research have been involved with the on-going standardization of the Wireless Application Protocol and have made contributions in the area of WAP security and WAP prototyping.

0201703114AB04062001


Table of Contents

Forewordp. ix
Prefacep. xi
Acknowledgmentsp. xv
About the Authorsp. xvii
Part I Introducing the Mobile Internetp. 1
Chapter 1 The Mobile Internet Is Here!p. 3
Mary Beekerp. 4
Bob Fishermanp. 6
Conclusionp. 7
Chapter 2 The Rise of Mobile Datap. 9
Market Convergencep. 9
Enabling Convergencep. 11
What Is in It for the User?p. 17
Conclusionp. 18
Chapter 3 Key Services for the Mobile Internetp. 19
Productivity Applicationsp. 19
Information and Transactional Servicesp. 27
Life-Enhancing Applicationsp. 35
Telephony Account and Subscription Managementp. 42
Vertical Services for the Enterprisep. 46
Conclusionp. 48
Chapter 4 Business Opportunitiesp. 51
End Userp. 54
Terminal Manufacturer and Browser Vendorp. 55
Mobile Internet Access Providerp. 56
Infrastructure Vendorp. 58
Content Aggregator (Portal)p. 59
Application Service Providerp. 60
Content Providerp. 62
Content Developerp. 62
Conclusionp. 63
Part II WAP: The Mobile Internet Standardp. 65
Chapter 5 Making the Internet "Mobile": Challenges and Pitfallsp. 67
What Is So Different about Wireless?p. 67
Using Current Web Technologies for Wireless Applicationsp. 79
Conclusionp. 86
Chapter 6 Overview of the Wireless Application Protocolp. 89
The Origins of WAPp. 90
Overview of the WAP Architecturep. 102
Components of the WAP Standardp. 107
Network Infrastructure Services Supporting WAP Clientsp. 124
WAP Architecture Design Principlesp. 132
Relationship to Other Standardsp. 139
Conclusionp. 141
Part III Implementing WAP Servicesp. 143
Chapter 7 The Wireless Markup Languagep. 145
Overviewp. 145
The WML Document Modelp. 149
WML Authoringp. 159
URLs Identify Contentp. 160
Markup Basicsp. 161
WML Basicsp. 166
Basic Contentp. 176
Events, Tasks, and Bindingsp. 188
Variablesp. 217
Other Content You Can Includep. 221
Controlsp. 235
Miscellaneous Markupp. 257
Sending Informationp. 261
Application Securityp. 264
Other Data: The meta Elementp. 272
Document Type Declarationsp. 273
Errors and Browser Limitationsp. 274
Content Generationp. 275
WML Version Negotiationp. 276
Conclusionp. 277
Chapter 8 Wireless Binary Extensible Markup Languagep. 279
Overviewp. 279
Content Structurep. 280
Document Structurep. 281
Contentp. 285
The Encoding Processp. 292
Binary WMLp. 300
Conclusionp. 306
Chapter 9 Enhanced WML: WMLScript and WTAIp. 307
WMLScript Overviewp. 308
Language Basicsp. 311
WMLScript Standard Librariesp. 340
Other WMLScript Librariesp. 369
WMLScript Developmentp. 374
Binary WMLScriptp. 382
Conclusionp. 384
Chapter 10 User Interface Design: Making Wireless Applications Easy to Usep. 385
Web Site Design: Computer Terminals versus Mobile Terminalsp. 386
Designing a Usable WAP Sitep. 389
Structured Usability Methodsp. 390
User Interface Design Guidelinesp. 412
Design Guidelines for Selected WML Elementsp. 420
Conclusionp. 454
Part IV Advanced WAPp. 457
Chapter 11 Tailoring Content to the Clientp. 459
Techniques Using HTTP 1.1p. 461
A Standard Capability Negotiation Mechanismp. 464
Putting It All Togetherp. 473
Conclusionp. 488
Chapter 12 Push Messagingp. 489
Overview of WAP Pushp. 490
Push Access Protocolp. 493
WAP Push Addressingp. 497
Push Messagep. 499
MIME Media Types for Push Messagesp. 501
Push Proxy Gatewayp. 505
Push Over-the-Air Protocolp. 507
Push Initiator Authentication and Trusted Contentp. 508
Conclusionp. 509
Chapter 13 Wireless Telephony Applicationsp. 511
Overview of the WTA Architecturep. 512
The WTA Client Frameworkp. 514
The WTA Server and Securityp. 525
Design Considerationsp. 527
Application Creation Toolboxp. 531
Future WTA Enhancementsp. 535
Conclusionp. 538
Chapter 14 Building and Deploying End-to-End WAP Servicesp. 541
Mapping the Deployment Chain to the Business Value Chainp. 543
Security Domainsp. 545
Linking WAP and the Internetp. 548
WAP Service Designp. 554
Conclusionp. 564
Part V Where Next?p. 567
Chapter 15 The Mobile Internet Futurep. 569
Better Content, Easier Accessp. 570
Beyond Browsingp. 574
Beyond Cellularp. 577
Mobile Data Unleashedp. 579
Appendices
Appendix A WAP Development Tools, Browsers, and Resourcesp. 583
Development Environmentsp. 583
Other WAP Browsersp. 584
Other Useful Resourcesp. 585
Appendix B WML Referencep. 587
Appendix C WMLScript Standard Libraries Referencep. 601
Crypto Library (Optional)p. 601
Dialogs Libraryp. 602
Float Libraryp. 603
Lang Libraryp. 604
String Libraryp. 607
URL Libraryp. 611
WMLBrowser Libraryp. 614
WTAPublic Libraryp. 616
Appendix D User Agent Profiles Vocabularyp. 617
Appendix E Mobile Internet and WAP Acronymsp. 623
Bibliographyp. 627
Indexp. 643
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