Lab-on-a-chip : techniques, circuits, and biomedical applications

Here's a groundbreaking book that introduces and discusses the important aspects of lab-on-a-chip, including the practical techniques, circuits, microsystems, and key applications in the biomedical, biology, and life science fields. Moreover, this volume covers ongoing research in lab-on-a-chip integration and electric field imaging. Presented in a clear and logical manner, the book provides the fundamental underpinnings of lab-on-a-chip, presents practical results, and brings readers up to date with state-of-the-art research in the field. This unique resource is supported with over 160 illustrations that clarify important topics throughout.

Author Notes

Yehya H. Ghallab is a research associate at ATIPS Labs in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Calgary. He holds a Ph.D. in electrical engineering from the University of Calgary.
Wael Badawy is an associate professor in the Department of Electoral and Computer Engineering at the University of Calgary. Dr. Badawy is a well-published author of books and conference proceedings. He earned his Ph.D. in computer engineering at the Center for Advanced Computer Studies, University of Louisiana.

Preface	p. xiii
Acknowledgments	p. xv
1 Introduction to Lab-on-a-Chip	p. 1
1.1 History	p. 2
1.2 Parts and Components of Lab-on-a-Chip	p. 3
1.2.1 Electric and Magnetic Actuators	p. 3
1.2.2 Electrical Sensors	p. 4
1.2.3 Thermal Sensors	p. 5
1.2.4 Optical Sensors	p. 5
1.2.5 Microfluidic Chambers	p. 5
1.3 Applications of Lab-on-a-Chip	p. 6
1.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Lab-on-a-Chip	p. 8
References	p. 9
2 Cell Structure, Properties, and Models	p. 13
2.1 Cell Structure	p. 13
2.1.1 Prokaryotic Cells	p. 14
2.1.2 Eukaryotic Cells	p. 15
2.1.3 Cell Components	p. 15
2.2 Electromechanics of Particles	p. 18
2.2.1 Single-Layer Model	p. 19
2.2.2 Double-Layer Model	p. 19
2.3 Electrogenic Cells	p. 20
2.3.1 Neurons	p. 20
2.3.2 Gated Ion Channels	p. 21
2.3.3 Action Potential	p. 23
References	p. 25
3 Cell Manipulator Fields	p. 29
3.1 Electric Field	p. 29
3.1.1 Uniform Electric Field (Electrophoresis)	p. 29
3.1.2 Nonuniform Electric Field (Dielectrophoresis)	p. 30
3.2 Magnetic Field	p. 41
3.2.1 Nonuniform Magnetic Field (Magnetophoresis)	p. 42
3.2.2 Magnetophoresis Force (MAP Force)	p. 42
References	p. 44
4 Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) Technology Fundamentals	p. 47
4.1 Semiconductor Properties	p. 47
4.2 Intrinsic Semiconductors	p. 48
4.3 Extrinsic Semiconductor	p. 50
4.3.1 N-Type Doping	p. 52
4.3.2 P-Type Doping	p. 52
4.4 MOS Device Physics	p. 53
4.5 MOS Characteristics	p. 56
4.5.1 Modes of Operation	p. 58
4.6 Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) Device	p. 60
4.6.1 Advantages of CMOS Technology	p. 61
References	p. 61
5 Sensing Techniques for Lab-on-a-Chip	p. 63
5.1 Optical Technique	p. 63
5.2 Fluorescent Labeling Technique	p. 65
5.3 Impedance Sensing Technique	p. 68
5.4 Magnetic Field Sensing Technique	p. 70
5.5 CMOS AC Electrokinetic Microparticle Analysis System	p. 70
5.5.1 Bioanalysis Platform	p. 71
5.5.2 Experimental Tests	p. 74
References	p. 74
6 CMOS-Based Lab-on-a-Chip	p. 77
6.1 PCB Lab-on-a-Chip for Micro-Organism Detection and Characterization	p. 77
6.2 Actuation	p. 78
6.3 Impedance Sensing	p. 82
6.4 CMOS Lab-on-a-Chip for Micro-Organism Detection and Manipulation	p. 84
6.5 CMOS Lab-on-a-Chip for Neuronal Activity Detection	p. 90
6.6 CMOS Lab-on-a-Chip for Cytometry Applications	p. 98
6.7 Flip-Chip Integration	p. 100
References	p. 102
7 CMOS Electric-Field-Based Lab-on-a-Chip for Cell Characterization and Detection	p. 105
7.1 Design Flow	p. 106
7.2 Actuation	p. 108
7.3 Electrostatic Simulation	p. 110
7.4 Sensing	p. 113
7.5 The Electric Field Sensitive Field Effect Transistor (eFET)	p. 113
7.6 The Differential Electric Field Sensitive Field Effect Transistor (DeFET)	p. 114
7.7 DeFET Theory of Operation	p. 116
7.8 Modeling the DeFET	p. 118
7.8.1 A Simple DC Model	p. 119
7.8.2 SPICE DC Equivalent Circuit	p. 120
7.8.3 AC Equivalent Circuit	p. 123
7.9 The Effect of the DeFET on the Applied Electric Field Profile	p. 125
References	p. 129
8 Prototyping and Experimental Analysis	p. 131
8.1 Testing the DeFET	p. 131
8.1.1 The DC Response	p. 132
8.1.2 The AC (Frequency) Response	p. 135
8.1.3 Other Features of the DeFET	p. 136
8.2 Noise Analysis	p. 137
8.2.1 Noise Sources	p. 138
8.2.2 Noise Measurements	p. 139
8.3 The Effect of Temperature and Light on DeFET Performance	p. 140
8.4 Testing the Electric Field Imager	p. 144
8.4.1 The Response of the Imager Under Different Environments	p. 144
8.4.2 Testing the Imager with Biocells	p. 144
8.5 Packaging the Lab-on-a-Chip	p. 151
References	p. 153
9 Readout Circuits for Lab-on-a-Chip	p. 155
9.1 Current-Mode Circuits	p. 155
9.2 Operational Floating Current Conveyor (OFCC)	p. 156
9.2.1 A Simple Model	p. 158
9.2.2 OFCC with Feedback	p. 159
9.3 Current-Mode Instrumentation Amplifier	p. 161
9.3.1 Current-Mode Instrumentation Amplifier (CMIA) Based on CCII	p. 161
9.3.2 Current-Mode Instrumentation Amplifier Based on OFCC	p. 163
9.4 Experimental and Simulation Results of the Proposed CMIA	p. 168
9.4.1 The Differential Gain Measurements	p. 168
9.4.2 Common-Mode Rejection Ratio Measurements	p. 169
9.4.3 Other Features of the Proposed CMIA	p. 171
9.4.4 Noise Results	p. 172
9.5 Comparison Between Different CMIAs	p. 173
9.6 Testing the Readout Circuit with the Electric Field Based Lab-on-a-Chip	p. 174
References	p. 177
10 Current-Mode Wheatstone Bridge for Lab-on-a-Chip Applications	p. 181
10.1 Introduction	p. 181
10.2 CMWB Based on Operational Floating Current Conveyor	p. 84
10.3 A Linearization Technique Based on an Operational Floating Current Conveyor	p. 188
10.4 Experimental and Simulation Results	p. 191
10.4.1 The Differential Measurements	p. 191
10.4.2 Common-Mode Measurements	p. 192
10.5 Discussion	p. 193
References	p. 195
11 Current-Mode Readout Circuits for the pH Sensor	p. 197
11.1 Introduction	p. 197
11.2 Differential ISFET-Based pH Sensor	p. 198
11.2.1 ISFET-Based pH Sensor	p. 198
11.2.2 Differential ISFET Sensor	p. 200
11.3 pH Readout Circuit Based on an Operational Floating Current Conveyor	p. 201
11.3.1 Simulation Results	p. 204
11.4 pH Readout Circuit Using Only Two Operational Floating Current Conveyors	p. 206
11.4.1 Simulation Results	p. 208
References	p. 210
List of Symbols	p. 213
About the Authors	p. 217
Index	p. 219

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