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Summary
Summary
Because of the demand for higher efficiencies, smaller output ripple, and smaller converter size for modern power electronic systems, integrated power electronic converters could soon replace conventional switched-mode power supplies. Synthesized integrated converters and related digital control techniques address problems related to cost, space, flexibility, energy efficiency, and voltage regulation--the key factors in digital power management and implementation.
Meeting the needs of professionals working in power electronics, as well as advanced engineering students, Integrated Power Electronic Converters and Digital Control explores the many benefits associated with integrated converters. This informative text details boost type, buck type, and buck-boost type integrated topologies, as well as other integrated structures. It discusses concepts behind their operation as well specific applications.
Topics discussed include:
Isolated DC-DC converters such as flyback, forward, push-pull, full-bridge, and half-bridge Power factor correction and its application Definition of the integrated switched-mode power supplies Steady-state analysis of the boost integrated flyback rectifier energy storage converter Dynamic analysis of the buck integrated forward converter Digital control based on the use of digital signal processors (DSPs)With innovations in digital control becoming ever more pervasive, system designers continue to introduce products that integrate digital power management and control integrated circuit solutions, both hybrid and pure digital. This detailed assessment of the latest advances in the field will help anyone working in power electronics and related industries stay ahead of the curve.
Author Notes
Dr. Ali Emadi is the Harris Perlstein Endowed Chair Professor of electrical engineering and the director of the Electric Power and Power Electronics Center and Grainger Laboratories at Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT). He is also founder and president of Hybrid Electric Vehicle Technologies, Inc. (HEVT). Dr. Alireza Khaligh is currently an assistant professor and director of Energy Harvesting and Renewable Energies Laboratory (EHREL) at the Electric Power and Power Electronics Center (EPPEC) of the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department at IIT. Ph.D candidate Young Joo Lee has more than 10 years of experience in the industrial field and developed lots of commercial system controllers for sewing machines and medical x-ray fluoroscopy equipment. Zhong Nie is a product research and development engineer at Inductoheat, Inc., working on high-power inverter design for induction heating applications.
Table of Contents
Preface | p. xv |
Authors | p. xvii |
Chapter 1 Non-isolated DC-DC Converters | p. 1 |
1.1 Buck Converter | p. 1 |
1.1.1 Buck Converter in Continuous Conduction Mode | p. 2 |
1.1.2 Buck Converter in Discontinuous Conduction Mode | p. 3 |
1.1.3 Design Considerations for Buck Converter | p. 4 |
1.2 Boost Converter | p. 8 |
1.2.1 Boost Converter Operation in Continuous Conduction Mode | p. 9 |
1.2.2 Boost Converter Operating in Discontinuous Conduction Mode | p. 11 |
1.2.3 Design Considerations for Boost Converter | p. 12 |
1.3 Buck-Boost Converter | p. 13 |
1.3.1 Buck-Boost Converter in Continuous Conduction Mode | p. 14 |
1.3.2 Buck-Boost Converter in Discontinuous Conduction Mode | p. 15 |
1.3.3 Design Considerations for Buck-Boost Converter | p. 16 |
References | p. 17 |
Chapter 2 Isolated DC-DC Converters | p. 19 |
2.1 Flyback Converter | p. 19 |
2.2 Forward Converter | p. 22 |
2.3 Push-Pull Converter | p. 24 |
2.4 Full-Bridge Converter | p. 26 |
2.5 Half-Bridge Converter | p. 28 |
References | p. 30 |
Chapter 3 Power Factor Correction | p. 31 |
3.1 Concept of PFC | p. 31 |
3.2 General Classification of PFC Circuits | p. 35 |
3.3 High Switching Frequency Topologies for PFC | p. 36 |
3.3.1 Buck Converter as Power Factor Corrector | p. 36 |
3.3.2 Boost Converter as Power Factor Corrector | p. 37 |
3.3.3 Buck-Boost Converter as PFC | p. 38 |
3.3.4 Cuk Converter as PFC | p. 40 |
3.3.5 SEPIC Converter as PFC | p. 40 |
3.3.6 Zeta Converter as PFC | p. 42 |
3.3.7 Flyback Converter as PFC | p. 43 |
3.3.8 Forward Converter as PFC | p. 45 |
3.4 Application of PFC in Advanced Motor Drives | p. 46 |
References | p. 50 |
Chapter 4 Integrated Switched-Mode Power Converters | p. 51 |
4.1 Switched-Mode Power Supplies | p. 51 |
4.2 Concept of Integrated Converter | p. 52 |
4.2.1 Integrated Converter Configuration | p. 53 |
4.3 Definition of Integrated Switched-Mode Power Supplies (ISMPS) | p. 54 |
References | p. 57 |
Chapter 5 Boost-Type Integrated Topologies | p. 59 |
5.1 General Structure of Boost-Type Integrated Topologies | p. 59 |
5.2 Boost-Flyback Converter | p. 59 |
5.3 Boost-Double-Ended Flyback Converter | p. 59 |
5.4 Boost Series Parallel Flyback Converter | p. 60 |
5.5 Boost-Parallel Flyback Converter | p. 61 |
5.6 Boost-Forward Converter | p. 61 |
5.7 Boost-Double-Ended Forward Converter | p. 61 |
5.8 Boost Series Parallel Forward Converter | p. 63 |
5.9 Boost-Parallel Forward Converter | p. 64 |
5.10 Boost-Full-Bridge Converter | p. 64 |
5.11 Boost-Half-Bridge Converter | p. 65 |
5.12 Boost-Push-Pull Converter | p. 65 |
5.13 Boost-Buck-Boost Converter | p. 66 |
5.14 Boost Integrated Flyback Rectifier/Energy Storage Converter | p. 67 |
5.15 Boost-Buck Converter (Cuk Converter) | p. 68 |
5.16 Boost Integrated Buck Rectifier/Energy Storage Converter | p. 69 |
References | p. 69 |
Chapter 6 Buck-Type Integrated Topologies | p. 71 |
6.1 Concept of Boost-Integrated Converter | p. 71 |
6.2 Buck Flyback Converter | p. 71 |
6.3 Buck Double-Ended Flyback Converter | p. 71 |
6.4 Buck-Series/Parallel Flyback Converter | p. 72 |
6.5 Buck Parallel Flyback Converter | p. 73 |
6.6 Buck Forward Converter | p. 73 |
6.7 Buck Double-Ended Forward Converter | p. 75 |
6.8 Buck Series Parallel Forward Converter | p. 75 |
6.9 Buck Parallel Forward Converter | p. 76 |
6.10 Buck Full-Bridge Converter | p. 76 |
6.11 Buck Half-Bridge Converter | p. 78 |
6.12 Buck Push-Pull Converter | p. 78 |
References | p. 79 |
Chapter 7 Buck-Boost Type Integrated Topologies | p. 81+ |
7.1 Structures of Buck-Boost Type Integrated Topologies | p. 81 |
7.2 Buck-Boost Flyback Converter | p. 81 |
7.3 Buck-Boost Double-Ended Flyback Converter | p. 81 |
7.4 Buck-Boost Series Parallel Flyback Converter | p. 82 |
7.5 Buck-Boost Parallel Flyback Converter | p. 83 |
7.6 Buck-Boost Forward Converter | p. 83 |
7.7 Buck-Boost Double-Ended Forward Converter | p. 84 |
7.8 Buck-Boost Series Parallel Forward Converter | p. 84 |
7.9 Buck-Boost Parallel Forward Converter | p. 85 |
7.10 Buck-Boost Full-Bridge Converter | p. 85 |
7.11 Buck-Boost Half-Bridge Converter | p. 86 |
7.12 Buck-Boost Push-Pull Converter | p. 87 |
7.13 Flyback Forward Converter | p. 87 |
7.14 Flyback Full-Bridge Converter | p. 89 |
7.15 Flyback Half-Bridge Converter | p. 90 |
7.16 Flyback Push-Pull Converter | p. 91 |
References | p. 92 |
Chapter 8 Other Types of Integrated Topologies | p. 93 |
8.1 Other Types of Integrated Topologies | p. 93 |
8.2 Buck-Buck Converter | p. 93 |
8.3 Buck-Buck-Boost Converter | p. 93 |
8.4 Buck-Zeta Converter | p. 94 |
8.5 Buck-Boost-Buck-Boost Converter | p. 95 |
8.6 Zeta-Buck-Boost Converter | p. 96 |
8.7 Zeta-Zeta Converter | p. 96 |
8.8 Boost-Boost Converter | p. 97 |
8.9 Boost-Cuk Converter | p. 98 |
8.10 Boost-SEPIC Converter | p. 98 |
8.11 Cuk-Cuk Converter | p. 99 |
8.12 SEPIC-Cuk Converter | p. 99 |
8.13 SEPIC-SEPIC Converter | p. 99 |
8.14 Flyback Forward Converter | p. 100 |
8.15 Boost Forward Converter | p. 101 |
References | p. 101 |
Chapter 9 Steady-State Analysis | p. 103 |
9.1 Small Ripple Approximation, Inductor Voltage-Second Balance, and Capacitor Charge Balance | p. 103 |
9.1.1 Small Ripple Approximation | p. 103 |
9.1.2 Inductor Voltage-Second Balance Principle | p. 103 |
9.1.3 Capacitor Charge Balance Principle | p. 104 |
9.2 BIFRED Converter Example | p. 105 |
References | p. 114 |
Chapter 10 Dynamic Analysis | p. 115 |
10.1 Methodology | p. 115 |
10.2 Buck Integrated Forward Converter Example | p. 115 |
References | p. 144 |
Chapter 11 Synchronous Rectification | p. 145 |
11.1 Selection Criteria for Schottky Diode and MOSFET | p. 145 |
11.2 Synchronous Rectification with Basic Switching Power Supply Topologies | p. 146 |
11.2.1 Buck Converter with Synchronous Rectification | p. 146 |
11.2.2 Synchronous Boost Converter | p. 148 |
11.2.3 Synchronous Buck-Boost Converter | p. 149 |
11.3 Control of Synchronous Rectifier | p. 150 |
11.4 Current-Mode Control Methods | p. 153 |
11.5 Discrete and Integrated Approach for Synchronous Rectification | p. 154 |
11.6 Comparison of Diode and Synchronous Rectifiers | p. 155 |
11.7 Simulation Results | p. 156 |
References | p. 159 |
Chapter 12 Synchronous Rectification with Flyback and Forward Converters | p. 161 |
12.1 Synchronous Rectification in the Flyback Converter | p. 161 |
12.1.1 Constant-Frequency Continuous Conduction Mode | p. 162 |
12.1.2 Flyback Converter with Constant-Frequency Discontinuous Conduction Mode | p. 164 |
12.1.3 Flyback Converter with Variable-Frequency Discontinuous Conduction Mode | p. 169 |
12.1.4 Flyback Converter with VF DCM Zero-Voltage Switching | p. 170 |
12.2 Synchronous Rectification in Forward Converter | p. 171 |
12.2.1 Forward Converter with RCD Clamp and Self-Driven SRs | p. 172 |
12.2.2 Forward Converter with Active Clamp and Self-Driven SRs | p. 174 |
12.2.3 Forward Converter with Control-Driven SRs | p. 176 |
12.3 Simulation Results | p. 177 |
12.4 Summary | p. 179 |
References | p. 183 |
Chapter 13 Synchronous Rectification for Integrated High-Quality Rectifier-Regulators | p. 187 |
13.1 Synchronous Rectification for IHQRRs | p. 188 |
13.1.1 Synchronous Rectified BIFRED | p. 188 |
13.1.2 Operation of Synchronous BIFRED | p. 188 |
13.1.3 Synchronous Rectified BIBRED | p. 192 |
13.2 Control of Synchronous IHQRRs | p. 192 |
13.3 General Efficiency Considerations of IHQRRs | p. 195 |
13.4 Comparison of Power Losses in Schottky and Synchronous IHQRRs | p. 196 |
13.5 Simulation Results and Observations | p. 200 |
13.6 Summary | p. 204 |
References | p. 207 |
Chapter 14 Integrated Switched-Mode Power Supplies Applications | p. 211 |
14.1 Integrated Switched-Mode Power Converters for UPS Applications | p. 211 |
14.1.1 Normal Operating Mode | p. 214 |
14.1.2 Battery Charge Regulation Mode | p. 217 |
14.1.3 Backup Mode | p. 217 |
14.1.4 Control Strategy | p. 217 |
14.2 Integrated Switched-Mode Power Converters for Switched Reluctance Motor Drives | p. 219 |
References | p. 223 |
Chapter 15 Review of Digital Control Techniques in Power Electronics | p. 225 |
15.1 Advantages of Digital Control | p. 225 |
15.1.1 Integration | p. 225 |
15.1.2 Performance | p. 226 |
15.2 Disadvantages of Digital Control and New Trends | p. 226 |
15.2.1 Limited Analog-to-Digital Conversion Resolution and Range | p. 227 |
15.2.2 Limited Digital PWM Resolution | p. 227 |
15.2.3 Steady-State Oscillations (Limit Cycles) | p. 229 |
15.2.4 Inherent Time Delay | p. 229 |
15.3 Structure of Digital Controllers | p. 230 |
15.4 Digital Design | p. 230 |
15.4.1 Digital via Emulation | p. 231 |
15.4.2 Direct Digital Approach | p. 231 |
15.4.3 Root Locus Approach | p. 232 |
15.4.4 Bode Plot or Frequency Response Approach | p. 232 |
15.4.5 Deadbeat Control | p. 232 |
15.4.6 Raggazini's Controller Design Method | p. 235 |
15.4.7 State-Space Design | p. 236 |
15.4.7.1 State Feedback Design (Control Law Design) | p. 236 |
15.4.7.2 State Estimator Design (Estimator Design) | p. 237 |
15.5 Digital Control Techniques | p. 238 |
15.5.1 Digital Current Mode Control | p. 238 |
15.5.2 Predictive Control | p. 240 |
15.5.3 Sliding Mode Control | p. 244 |
15.5.4 Space Vector Control | p. 247 |
15.5.5 Fuzzy Control | p. 253 |
15.5.6 Pulse Train Control Method | p. 253 |
15.6 Applications of Digital Control | p. 254 |
15.6.1 Pulse Width Modulation | p. 254 |
15.6.1.1 Naturally Sampled PWM | p. 254 |
15.6.1.2 Regularly Sampled PWM | p. 255 |
15.6.1.3 Randomly Sampled PWM | p. 256 |
15.6.2 Motor Drives | p. 257 |
15.6.3 Power Factor Correction | p. 258 |
15.6.4 Standby Power Supply with Active Power Filter Ability | p. 260 |
15.6.5 Distributed Power Systems | p. 261 |
15.6.6 DC-DC Converters | p. 261 |
15.6.7 Electronic Ballasts | p. 263 |
15.7 Implementation of Digital Controllers | p. 264 |
15.8 Summary | p. 266 |
References | p. 266 |
Chapter 16 Implementation of Digital Control Using Digital Signal Processors | p. 273 |
16.1 Introduction to Implementation of Digital Control Based on DSPs | p. 273 |
16.1.1 Basic Concepts of DSPs from Hardware and Software Points of View | p. 274 |
16.1.2 Specifications of Desired System | p. 276 |
16.1.2.1 Functional Requirements of Non-inverting Buck-Boost Converter | p. 277 |
16.1.2.2 Modeling and State Block Diagram of Converter | p. 277 |
16.1.3 Control Flow Based on State Block Diagram | p. 282 |
16.1.4 Selection of DSP and u-Controller | p. 282 |
16.1.4.1 Guidelines for DSP Selection | p. 282 |
16.1.4.2 Selection of DSP Chip | p. 283 |
16.1.5 Detailed Datasheets and Manuals | p. 285 |
16.1.5.1 Internal Architecture and Electric Specifications | p. 286 |
16.1.5.2 Software Development Environment (Assembler, Compiler, Linker, and Downloader) | p. 286 |
16.1.5.3 Commercial DSP Starter Kit | p. 287 |
16.1.5.4 Application Notes | p. 288 |
16.2 Hardware Schematic Design of Non-inverting Buck-Boost Converter and DSP Control Board | p. 289 |
16.2.1 Schematic for Non-inverting Buck-Boost Converter | p. 290 |
16.2.2 Selected DSP Chip Connectivity | p. 290 |
16.2.3 Analog and Digital Signal Interface | p. 293 |
16.2.4 Low Voltage Power and DSP Chip Reset Circuit | p. 293 |
16.2.5 Boot Mode Selecting Circuit | p. 297 |
16.2.6 RS-232 Serial Communication Circuit | p. 298 |
16.2.7 Serial Interface with D/A Converter, EEPROM, and JTAG Port | p. 298 |
16.3 Software Implementation for Control System | p. 299 |
16.3.1 Defining Program Module Diagram According to Functionalities (or Tasks) | p. 299 |
16.3.2 Link Command File | p. 300 |
16.3.3 Start-up Code | p. 301 |
16.3.4 Header Files and Module to Define Special Function Registers | p. 302 |
16.3.5 Construction of Control Flow Chart for Controller | p. 303 |
16.3.6 Composing Source Codes for Non-inverting Buck-Boost Converter | p. 304 |
16.3.7 Making and Running Executable Code File | p. 319 |
16.3.8 Testing Operation of Non-inverting Buck-Boost Converter | p. 319 |
16.4 Summary | p. 319 |
References | p. 327 |
Index | p. 331 |