Phase behavior of petroleum reservoir fluids

Developed in conjunction with several oil companies using experimental data for real reservoir fluids, Phase Behavior of Petroleum Reservoir Fluids introduces industry standard methods for modeling the phase behavior of petroleum reservoir fluids at different stages in the process. Keeping mathematics to a minimum, this book discusses sampling, characterization, compositional analyses, and equations of state used to simulate various pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) properties of reservoir fluids.

Featuring new figures, references, and updates throughout, this Second Edition :

Adds simulation results for PVT data obtained with the PC-SAFT equation Describes routine and EOR PVT experiments with enhanced procedural detail Expands coverage of sampling, compositional analyses, and measurement of PVT data

Phase Behavior of Petroleum Reservoir Fluids, Second Edition supplies a solid understanding of the phase behavior of the various fluids present in a petroleum reservoir, providing practical knowledge essential for achieving optimal design and cost-effective operations in a petroleum processing plant.

Author Notes

Karen Schou Pedersen holds a Ph.D in liquid physics from the Department of Physical Chemistry at the Technical University of Denmark. She has worked as a research associate at the Physics Department at Edinburgh University and at the nuclear research center, Institut Laue-Langevin, in Grenoble. She has been the managing director of Calsep A/S since 1984 and has been responsible for several R & D projects within reservoir fluid modeling and flow assurance. She is the author of more than 50 publications on oil and gas properties.

Peter L. Christensen holds a Ph.D from the Department of Chemical Engineering at the Technical University of Denmark. He started his career in oil and gas technology at Risø National Laboratories in Denmark focusing on studies in the fields of reservoir simulation and PVT. He has been an associate professor at the Technical University of Denmark and lectured in thermodynamics, unit operations, and oil and gas technology. He is currently a senior principal consultant at Calsep A/S.

Jawad Azeem Shaikh holds an M.Sc in petroleum technology from the University of Pune in India. He has been the regional manager and principal consultant of Calsep FZ-LLC in Dubai since 2009 and has been responsible for the project including lab coordination, designing of enhanced oil recovery studies, and equation of state modeling work of oil and gas properties. Before joining Calsep, he was an advanced studies supervisor for Core Laboratories International B.V. He has authored several papers and articles on sampling, PVT lab work, and oil and gas properties.

Preface	p. xi
Authors	p. xiii
Chapter 1 Petroleum Reservoir Fluids	p. 1
1.1 Reservoir Fluid Constituents	p. 1
1.2 Properties of Reservoir Fluid Constituents	p. 1
1.3 Phase Envelopes	p. 6
1.4 Classification of Petroleum Reservoir Fluids	p. 7
References	p. 11
Chapter 2 Sampling, Quality Control, and Compositional Analyses	p. 13
2.1 Fluid Sampling	p. 13
2.2 Quality Control of Fluid Samples	p. 16
2.2.1 Bottom Hole/Wellhead Samples	p. 16
2.2.2 Separator Samples	p. 16
2.2.2.1 Quality Control of Separator Gas	p. 18
2.2.2.2 QC of Separator Liquid	p. 19
2.3 Compositional Analyses	p. 21
2.3.1 Gas Chromatography	p. 21
2.3.1.1 Preparation Oil Mixtures	p. 21
2.3.1.2 Preparation Gas Condensate Mixtures	p. 23
2.3.1.3 Gas Chromatograph	p. 23
2.3.2 TBP Analysis	p. 30
2.3.2.1 Molecular Weight from Freezing Point Depression	p. 33
2.4 Reservoir Fluid Composition from Bottom Hole Sample	p. 34
2.5 Reservoir Fluid Composition from Separator Samples	p. 36
2.6 Mud-Contaminated Samples	p. 42
References	p. 46
Chapter 3 PVT Experiments	p. 47
3.1 Routine PVT Experiments	p. 49
3.3.1 Constant-Mass Expansion Experiment	p. 49
3.1.1.1 Oil Mixtures	p. 49
3.1.1.2 Gas Condensate Mixtures	p. 51
3.1.1.3 Dry Gases	p. 53
3.1.2 Differential Liberation Experiment	p. 56
3.1.3 Constant-Volume Depletion Experiment	p. 60
3.1.4 Separator Test	p. 63
3.1.5 Viscosity Experiment	p. 66
3.2 EOR PVT Experiments	p. 67
3.2.1 Solubility Swelling Test	p. 67
3.2.2 Equilibrium Contact Experiment	p. 72
3.2.3 Multi-Contact Experiment	p. 72
3.2.4 Slim Tube Experiment	p. 74
3.2.5 Gas Revaporization Experiment	p. 80
References	p. 81
Chapter 4 Equations of State	p. 83
4.1 van der Waals Equation	p. 83
4.2 Redlich-Kwong Equation	p. 86
4.3 Soave-Redlich-Kwong Equation	p. 87
4.4 Peng-Robinson Equation	p. 91
4.5 Peneloux Volume Correction	p. 92
4.6 Other Cubic Equations of State	p. 95
4.7 Equilibrium Calculations	p. 96
4.8 Nonclassical Mixing Rules	p. 97
4.9 PC-SAFT Equation	p. 97
4.10 Other Equations of State	p. 102
References	p. 103
Chapter 5 C 7+ Characterization	p. 105
5.1 Classes of Components	p. 105
5.1.1 Detined Components to C 6	p. 105
5.1.2 C 7+ Fractions	p. 107
5.1.3 Plus Fraction HO
5.2 Binary Interaction Coefficients	p. 117
5.3 Lumping	p. 117
5.4 Delumping	p. 121
5.5 Mixing of Multiple Fluids	p. 122
5.6 Characterizing of Multiple Compositions to the Same Pseudocomponents	p. 125
5.7 Heavy Oil Compositions	p. 127
5.7.1 Heavy Oil Reservoir Fluid Compositions	p. 128
5.7.2 Characterization of Heavy Oil Mixture	p. 128
5.8 PC-SAFT Characterization Procedure	p. 134
References	p. 137
Chapter 6 Flash and Phase Envelope Calculations	p. 139
6.1 Pure Component Vapor Pressures from Cubic Equations of State	p. 140
6.2 Mixture Saturation Points from Cubic Equations of State	p. 142
6.3 Flash Calculations	p. 144
6.3.1 Stability Analysis	p. 144
6.3.2 Solving the Flash Equations	p. 149
6.3.3 Multiphase PT-Flash	p. 150
6.3.4 Three Phase PT-Flash with a Pure Water Phase	p. 155
6.3.5 Other Flash Specifications	p. 157
6.4 Phase Envelope Calculations	p. 158
6.5 Phase Identification	p. 162
References	p. 163
Chapter 7 PVT Simulation	p. 165
7.1 Constant Mass Expansion	p. 165
7.2 Constant Volume Depletion	p. 169
7.3 Differential Liberation	p. 172
7.4 Separator Test	p. 174
7.5 Solubility Swelling Test	p. 176
7.6 PVT Simulations with PC-SAFT EoS	p. 181
7.7 What to Expect from a PVT Simulation	p. 184
References	p. 186
Chapter 8 Physical Properties	p. 187
8.1 Density	p. 187
8.2 Enthalpy	p. 188
8.3 Internal Energy	p. 189
8.4 Entropy	p. 189
8.5 Heat Capacity	p. 190
8.6 Joule-Thomson Coefficient	p. 190
8.7 Velocity of Sound	p. 190
8.8 Example Calculations	p. 190
References	p. 195
Chapter 9 Regression to Experimental PVT Data	p. 197
9.1 Shortcomings of Parameter Regression	p. 197
9.2 Volume Translation Parameter	p. 198
9.3 T c P c and Acentric Factor of C 7+ Fractions	p. 198
9.4 Regressing on Coefficients in Property Correlations	p. 199
9.5 Object Functions and Weight Factors	p. 199
9.6 Example of Regression for Gas Condensate	p. 200
9.7 Tuning on Single Pseudocomponent Properties	p. 206
9.8 Near-Critical Fluids	p. 208
9.9 Fluids Characterized to the Same Pseudocomponents	p. 212
9.10 PVT Data with Gas Injection	p. 216
9.11 Original Reservoir Fluid Composition from Depleted Sample	p. 221
9.11.1 Numerical Example	p. 227
9.11.2 Depleted Oil and Shale Reservoir Fluid Samples	p. 229
References	p. 231
Chapter 10 Transport Properties	p. 233
10.1 Viscosity	p. 233
10.1.1 Corresponding States Viscosity Models	p. 233
10.1.2 Adaptation of Corresponding States Viscosity Model to Heavy Oils	p. 242
10.1.3 Lohrenz-Bray-Clark Method	p. 243
10.1.4 Other Viscosity Models	p. 245
10.1.5 Viscosity Data and Simulation Results	p. 247
10.2 Thermal Conductivity	p. 252
10.2.1 Data and Simulation Results for Thermal Conductivity	p. 260
10.3 Gas/Oil Surface Tension	p. 260
10.3.1 Models for Interfacial Tension	p. 262
10.3.2 Data and Simulation Results for Interfacial Tensions	p. 265
10.4 Diffusion Coefficient	p. 265
References	p. 267
Chapter 11 Wax Formation	p. 269
11.1 Experimental Studies of Wax Precipitation	p. 269
11.2 Thermodynamic Description of Melting of a Pure Component	p. 277
11.3 Modeling of Wax Precipitation	p. 282
11.3.1 Activity Coefficient Approach	p. 283
11.3.2 Ideal Solid Solution Wax Models	p. 286
11.4 Wax PT Flash Calculations	p. 291
11.5 Viscosity of Oil-Wax Suspensions	p. 291
11.6 Wax Inhibitors	p. 294
References	p. 296
Chapter 12 Asphaltenes	p. 299
12.1 Experimental Techniques for Studying Asphaltene Precipitation	p. 303
12.1.1 Quantification of Amount of Asphaltenes	p. 303
12.1.2 Detection of Asphaltene Onset Points	p. 303
12.1.2.1 Gravimetric Technique	p. 303
12.1.2.2 Acoustic Resonance Technique	p. 303
12.1.2.3 Light-Scattering Technique	p. 304
12.1.2.4 Filtration and Other Experimental Techniques	p. 304
12.1.3 Experimental Data for Asphaltene Onset Pressures	p. 304
12.2 Asphaltene Models	p. 306
12.2.1 Models Based on Cubic Equation of State	p. 307
12.2.2 Polymer Solution Models	p. 312
12.2.3 Thermodynamic-Colloidal Model	p. 313
12.2.4 PC-SAFT Model	p. 314
12.2.5 Other Asphaltene Models	p. 315
12.3 Asphaltene Tar Mat Calculation	p. 317
References	p. 319
Chapter 13 Gas Hydrates	p. 323
13.1 Types of Hydrates	p. 323
13.2 Modeling of Hydrate Formation	p. 327
13.3 Hydrate Inhibitors	p. 332
13.4 Hydrate Simulation Results	p. 333
13.5 Hydrate P/T Flash Calculations	p. 340
13.5.1 Hydrate Fugacities	p. 340
13.5.2 Flash Simulation Technique	p. 342
References	p. 344
Chapter 14 Compositional Variations with Depth	p. 347
14.1 Theory of Isothermal Reservoir	p. 347
14.1.1 Depth Gradient Calculations for Isothermal Reservoirs	p. 349
14.2 Theory of Non-isothermal Reservoir	p. 357
14.2.1 Absolute Enthalpies	p. 364
14.2.2 Examples: Calculations on Reservoir Fluids	p. 364
References	p. 370
Chapter 15 Minimum Miscibility Pressure	p. 373
15.1 Three-Component Mixtures	p. 373
15.2 MMP of Multicomponent Mixtures	p. 379
15.2.1 First Contact MMP	p. 379
15.2.2 Tie Line Approach	p. 379
15.2.3 Immiscible Systems	p. 386
15.2.4 Cell-to-Cell Simulation	p. 389
References	p. 392
Chapter 16 Formation Water and Hydrate Inhibitors	p. 395
16.1 Hydrocarbon-Water Phase Equilibrium Models	p. 395
16.1.1 Approach of Kabadi and Danner	p. 398
16.1.2 Asymmetric Mixing Rules	p. 401
16.1.3 Huron and Vidal Mixing Rule	p. 402
16.1.4 Phase Equilibria for Hydrocarbon-Salt Water	p. 407
16.1.5 Association Models	p. 410
16.2 Experimental Hydrocarbon-Water Phase Equilibrium Data	p. 410
16.3 Water Properties	p. 415
16.3.1 Viscosity of Water-Inhibitor Mixtures	p. 417
16.3.2 Properties of Salt Water	p. 417
16.3.3 Oil-Water Emulsion Viscosities	p. 418
16.4 Phase Envelopes of Hydrocarbon-Aqueous Mixtures	p. 418
References	p. 420
Chapter 17 Scale Precipitation	p. 423
17.1 Criteria for Salt Precipitation	p. 423
17.2 Equilibrium Constants	p. 425
17.3 Activity Coefficients	p. 428
17.4 Solution Procedure	p. 436
17.5 Example Calculations	p. 437
References	p. 439
Appendix A Fundamentals on Phase Equilibrium	p. 441
A.1 First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics	p. 441
A.2 Fundamental Thermodynamic Relations	p. 441
A.3 Phase Equilibrium	p. 442
A.4 Fugacities and Fugacity Coefficients	p. 443
Index	p. 447

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