Adsorptive removal of heavy metals from groundwater by iron oxide based adsorbents

Title:

Personal Author:

Uwamariya, Valentine, author

Publication Information:

Leiden : CRC Pr., 2014

Physical Description:

xv, 152 pages : illustrations ; 25 cm.

ISBN:

9781138020641

Subject Term:

Groundwater -- Purification

Groundwater -- Pollution

Heavy metals -- Environmental aspects

Heavy metals -- Absorption and adsorption

DSP_DISSERTATION:

Master of Science - University of Witwatersrand

Dissertation submitted in fulfillment of the requirements of the Board for Doctorates of Delft University of Technology and of the Academic Board of UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education for the Degree of Doctor to be defended in public on Friday, 6 December 2013, at 10:00 o'clock in Delft, the Netherlands.

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Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
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Summary

In general, groundwater is a preferred source of drinking water because of its convenient availability and its constant and good quality. However this source is vulnerable to contamination by several substances. Acceptable quality limits relative to micropollutant contents in drinking water are becoming increasingly lower and efficient elimination treatment processes are being implemented in order to meet these requirements. Metals contaminants at low concentration are difficult to remove from water. Chemical precipitation and other methods become inefficient when contaminants are present in trace concentrations and the process of adsorption is one of the few alternatives available for such situations. This book describes the adsorption method in the removal of selected heavy metals present as cations (Cd2+, Cu2+ and Pb2+) or oxyanions (Cr(VI) and As(V)) using iron oxide coated sand (IOCS) and granular ferric hydroxide (GFH). The effects of pH, natural organic matter (fulvic acid (FA)) and interfering ions (PO43-, Ca2+) on the adsorption efficiency were also assessed. The sorption reactions that take place at the surface of the adsorbent were also described through the surface complexation modelling for Cd2+, Cu2+ and Pb2+ adsorption. Batch adsorption tests and rapid small scale column tests (RSST) were used as laboratory methods.

Author Notes

Mrs. Valentine Uwamariya was born at Shangi Sector in Nyamasheke District on the 14th May 1971. She went to Groupe scolaire Sainte Famille Nyamasheke for secondary education and later joined the National University of Rwanda. She graduated with the degree of Bsc in Organic Chemistry in 1999 with distinction. From June 2000, she has been working as assistant lecturer at the same university, in the Department of Chemistry. In 2003, she joined the University of Witwatersrand in South Africa where she obtained a Master of Science in Electrochemistry in 2005 with distinction. In the same year she has been promoted to the grade of a lecturer. In 2007, she was awarded a scholarship by the Netherlands Government to study a PhD at UNESCO-IHE, Institute for water Education, under sandwich construction program. Her area of interest is analytical chemistry applied to the environment.

Acknowledgments	p. vi
Abstract	p. viii
Chapter 1 General Introduction	p. 1
1.1 Sanitation in Urban Slums of Developing Countries	p. 2
1.2 Research Scope and Objectives	p. 3
1.3 Thesis Outline	p. 4
References	p. 4
Chapter 2 Sanitation Technology Options for Urban Slums	p. 7
2.1 Introduction	p. 9
2.1.1 Sanitation in slums	p. 9
2.1.2 Public health and consequences of poor sanitation	p. 10
2.1.3 Sustainable sanitation	p. 11
2.2 Waste Streams in Urban Slums	p. 12
2.2.1 Excreta	p. 12
2.2.3 Grey water	p. 15
2.2.4 Solid Waste	p. 18
2.3 Sanitation Systems for Urban Slums	p. 19
2.3.1 Introduction	p. 19
2.3.2 Collection and treatment of sewage	p. 21
2.3.3 Collection and treatment of faecal sludge	p. 22
2.3.4 Collection and treatment of urine	p. 28
2.3.5 Collection and treatment of solid waste and faecal sludge for resource recovery	p. 30
2.3.6 Collection and treatment of grey water	p. 34
2.4 Conclusion	p. 36
References	p. 37
Chapter 3 Selection of Sustainable Sanitation Technologies for Urban Slums	p. 49
3.1 Introduction	p. 51
3.1.1 Sanitation in slum areas	p. 51
3.1.2 Case study area: Bwaise III	p. 52
3.2 Materials and Methods	p. 54
3.2.1 Sample size and selection	p. 54
3.2.2 Questionnaires	p. 54
3.2.3 Field investigations	p. 55
3.2.4 Technology selection process scheme	p. 55
3.3 Results	p. 65
3.3.1 Existing sanitation situation	p. 65
3.3.2 Technology selection	p. 70
3.4 Discussion	p. 72
3.4.1 Human excreta management	p. 72
3.4.2 Water supply	p. 73
3.4.3 Solid waste management	p. 73
3.4.4 Ranking of the technologies using the sustainability criteria	p. 74
3.5 Conclusions	p. 75
References	p. 76
Chapter 4 Genomic Copy Concentrations of Selected Waterborne Viruses in a Slum Environment in Kampala, Uganda	p. 80
4.1 Introduction	p. 82
4.2 Materials and Methods	p. 84
4.2.1 Characterisation of the slum environment	p. 84
4.2.2 Sample collection	p. 84
4.2.3 Virus concentration by glass wool filtration	p. 87
4.2.4 Nucleic acid extraction	p. 87
4.2.5 Quantitative PCR (qPCR) and Reverse transcription-qPCR (RT-qPCR)	p. 89
4.2.6 Determining virus concentrations	p. 89
4.2.7 Inhibition and false negative tests	p. 90
4.2.8 Quality Control	p. 90
4.3 Results	p. 90
4.3.1 Characterisation of Bwaise III	p. 90
4.3.2 Recovery of the bacteriophages	p. 91
4.3.3 Sensitivity and efficiency of the HAdV-F and G and RV assays	p. 92
4.3.4 PCR inhibition tests	p. 92
4.3.5 Prevalence of viruses in Bwaise III slum	p. 92
4.3.6 Temporal virus concentration variations	p. 95
4.3.7 Genomic copy concentrations (GC) of HAdV-F and G, and RV	p. 96
4.4 Discussion	p. 97
4.4.1 Virus recovery and PCR accuracy	p. 97
4.4.2 Waterborne viral contamination in the Bwaise III slum	p. 97
4.4.3 Possible interventions needed based on the findings	p. 99
4.5 Conclusions	p. 99
References	p. 100
Chapter 5 Quantification of Microbial Risks to Human Health Caused by Waterborne Viruses and Bacteria in an Urban Slum	p. 106
5.1 Introduction	p. 108
5.2 Materials and Methods	p. 109
5.2.1 The study area	p. 109
5.2.2 Hazard Identification	p. 109
5.2.3 Exposure Assessment	p. 110
5.2.4 Sample collection and analysis for detection of bacteria	p. 112
5.2.5 Sample collection and analysis for detection of waterborne viruses	p. 113
5.2.6 Dose-response models	p. 113
5.2.7 Risk characterisation	p. 114
5.2.8 Burden of the disease determination	p. 115
5.2.9 Variability and uncertainty in the data	p. 117
5.3 Results	p. 119
5.3.1 Sources of contamination and concentrations of bacteria and waterborne viruses	p. 119
5.3.2 Risk of infection	p. 122
5.3.3 Disease burden	p. 124
5.4 Discussion	p. 127
5.4.1 Concentration of bacteria and waterborne viruses	p. 127
5.4.2 Risk of infection	p. 128
5.4.3 The disease burden in the Bwaise III slum	p. 129
5.4.4 Intervention options to reduce the risk of infection and the disease burden in Bwaise III	p. 130
5.5 Conclusions	p. 131
References	p. 132
Chapter 6 Grey Water Characterisation and Pollutant Loads in an Urban Slum	p. 138
6.1 Introduction	p. 140
6.2 Materials and Methods	p. 141
6.2.1 Study Area	p. 141
6.2.2 Selection of households	p. 141
6.2.3 Selection of the tertiary drains	p. 141
6.2.4 Collection of grey water samples	p. 143
6.2.5 Analytical techniques	p. 143
6.2.6 Pollutant loads	p. 144
6.2.7 Statistical analysis	p. 144
6.3 Results	p. 145
6.3.1 Quantity of grey water produced in Bwaise III	p. 145
6.3.2 Physical and chemical characteristics of grey water in Bwaise III	p. 147
6.3.3 Bacteriological quality of grey water	p. 153
6.3.4 Specific pollutant loads originating from grey water	p. 155
6.3.5 Variation of grey water quality in tertiary drains	p. 157
6.4 Discussion	p. 159
6.4.1 Grey water production in Bwaise III	p. 159
6.4.2 Biodegradability of grey water	p. 159
6.4.3 Variation of the grey water quality from tertiary drains in Bwaise III	p. 160
6.4.4 Grey water pollutant loads and its potential environmental impacts	p. 161
6.4.5 Microorganism concentration and loads in grey water	p. 162
6.5 Conclusions	p. 163
References	p. 163
Chapter 7 Grey Water Treatment in Urban Slums by a Filtration System: Optimisation of the Filtration Medium	p. 169
7.1 Introduction	p. 171
7.2 Materials and Methods	p. 172
7.2.1 Study area and household selection	p. 172
7.2.2 Grey water collection	p. 172
7.2.3 Filter column set ups	p. 172
7.2.4 Operating conditions	p. 173
7.2.5 Characterization of the filter media	p. 174
7.2.6 Analytical techniques	p. 177
7.3 Results I77
7.3.1 Characteristics of silica sand, crushed lava rock and granular activated carbon	p. 177
7.3.2 Characteristics of the non-settled grey water and the filter influent (settled grey water mixture)	p. 177
7.3.3 COO, TOC, DOC and TSS removal by filter columns	p. 181
7.3.4 Nutrient removal by filter columns	p. 187
7.3.5 E. coli. Salmonella spp. and total conforms removal	p. 190
7.4 Discussion	p. 192
7.4.2 Grey water characteristics	p. 192
7.4.3 The role of pre-treatment	p. 193
7.4.4 Performance of the filter columns in parallel and in series	p. 193
7.5 Conclusions	p. 195
References I95
Chapter 8 A Two-Step Crushed Lava Rock Filter Unit for Grey Water Treatment at Household Level in an Urban Slum	p. 199
8.1 Introduction	p. 201
8.2 Materials and Methods	p. 202
8.2.1 Study area	p. 202
8.2.2 Household selection	p. 202
8.2.3 Design and implementation of the crushed lava rock filter in Bwaise III	p. 203
8.2.4 Characterization of the crushed lava rock	p. 206
8.2.5 Sampling strategy	p. 208
8.2.6 Analytical techniques	p. 208
8.3 Results	p. 209
8.3.1 Physical and chemical characteristics of the crushed lava rock	p. 209
8.3.2 Characteristics of raw and pre-treated grey water	p. 212
8.3.3 Pollutant removal from grey water by the crushed lava rock filter	p. 214
8.4 Discussion	p. 221
8.5 Conclusions	p. 224
References	p. 225
Chapter 9 General Discussion, Conclusions and Recommendations	p. 231
9.1 Introduction	p. 232
9.2 Selection of Sustainable Sanitation Technologies	p. 234
9.3 Quantification of Microbial Risks in Bwaise III	p. 235
9.4 Grey Water Pollution Load Bwaise III	p. 238
9.5 Decentralised Grey Water Treatment with a Low-Technology System	p. 239
9.6 Conclusions	p. 244
9.7 Recommendations for Further Research	p. 244
References	p. 245
Summary	p. 249
Samenvatting	p. 251
Curriculum Vitae	p. 253
List of Scientific Publications	p. 254

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