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Summary
Summary
Metamaterials: Beyond Crystals, Noncrystals, and Quasicrystals is a comprehensive and updated research monograph that focuses on recent advances in metamaterials based on the effective medium theory in microwave frequencies. Most of these procedures were conducted in the State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, China.
The book conveys the essential concept of metamaterials from the microcosmic structure to the macroscopic electromagnetic properties and helps readers quickly obtain needed skills in creating new devices at microwave frequencies using metamaterials. The authors present the latest progress on metamaterials and transformation optics and provide abundant examples of metamaterial-based devices accompanied with detailed procedures to simulate, fabricate, and measure them.
Comprised of ten chapters, the book comprehensively covers both the fundamentals and the applications of metamaterials. Along with an introduction to the subject, the first three chapters discuss effective medium theory and artificial particles. The next three chapters cover homogeneous metamaterials (super crystals), random metamaterials (super noncrystals), and inhomogeneous metamaterials (super quasicrystals). The final four chapters examine gradient-index inhomogeneous metamaterials, nearly isotropic inhomogeneous metamaterials, and anisotropic inhomogeneous metamaterials, after which the authors provide their conclusions and closing remarks. The book is completely self-contained, making it easy to follow.
Author Notes
Tie Jun Cui is the full professor of the School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China, and associate director of the State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves. Since 2013, he has served as a representative of the People's Congress of China. Dr. Cui earned his BSc, MSc, and PhD degrees in electrical engineering from Xidian University, Xi'an, China, in 1987, 1990, and 1993, respectively. He is coeditor of the book Metamaterials: Theory, Design, and Applications and the author of six book chapters. He has published over 350 peer-reviewed journal articles in Science , PNAS , Nature Communications , Physical Review Letters, Physical Review X, Advanced Materials, Light Science & Applications, and IEEE Transactions.
Wen Xuan Tang earned her bachelor's degree in electronic engineering and her MSc degree in electromagnetic field and microwave technology from Southeast University, Nanjing, China, in 2006 and 2009, respectively, and her PhD degree in electromagnetics from Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom, in 2012. In November 2012, she joined the School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China, as a lecturer. She has published over 20 technical articles in highly ranked journals, including IEEE Transactions on Antenna and Propagation , New Journal of Physics , Optics Express , Applied Physics Letters , and Scientific Reports .
Xin Mi Yang was born in Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China, in March 1982. He earned his BS and PhD degrees from Southeast University, Nanjing, China, in 2005 and 2010, respectively, both in the School of Information Science and Engineering. Since November 2010, he has been with the School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, China. His current research interests include metamaterials, metasurfaces, LTCC technology, and their applications in antennas and microwave engineering.
Zhong Lei Mei is a professor in the School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China. He is also deputy dean of the school. He received his BSc, MSc, and PhD degrees in radio physics from Lanzhou University, China, in 1996, 1999, and 2007, respectively. Dr. Mei is a visiting research fellow in the State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves. His current research interest includes metamaterials and computational electromagnetics. He has published over 30 peer-reviewed journal articles in international journals, including Physical Review Letters , IEEE Transactions on Antenna and Propagation , New Journal of Physics , Optics Express , and Applied Physics Letters .
Wei Xiang Jiang earned his PhD degree in electrical engineering from Southeast University, Nanjing, China, in October 2010. He joined the State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, in November 2010, and was promoted to the post of associate professor in April 2011 and professor in April 2015. He has published more than 60 peer-reviewed journal articles in Advanced Materials , Advanced Functional Materials , Materials Today , and Applied Physics Letters. His current research interests include electromagnetic theory, illusion optics, and metamaterials. Dr. Jiang's research has been selected as Research Highlights by Europhysics News in June 2008, Research Highlights in 2008 by Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics , and Research Highlights by Applied Physics Letters in 2011.
Table of Contents
List of Figures | p. xi |
List of Tables | p. xxiii |
Preface | p. xxv |
Authors | p. xxvii |
1 Introduction | p. 1 |
1.1 Natural Materials and Metamaterials | p. 1 |
1.2 Homogeneous Metamaterials: Several Special Cases | p. 2 |
1.2.1 Left-Handed Materials | p. 2 |
1.2.2 Zero-Refractive-Index Metamaterials | p. 3 |
1.2.3 Negative-Epsilon Materials | p. 4 |
1.2.4 Negative-Mu Materials | p. 6 |
1.3 Random Metamaterials | p. 7 |
1.4 Inhomogeneous Metamaterials | p. 9 |
1.4.1 GO Method | p. 9 |
1.4.2 Quasi-Con formal Mapping Method | p. 10 |
1.4.3 Transformation Optics | p. 11 |
1.5 Structure of This Book | p. 12 |
Acknowledgments | p. 13 |
References | p. 13 |
2 Effective Medium Theory | p. 17 |
2.1 Lorentz-Drude Models | p. 17 |
2.2 Retrieval Methods of Effective Medium Parameters | p. 21 |
2.3 General Effective Medium Theory | p. 24 |
References | p. 28 |
3 Artificial Particles: "Man-Made Atoms" or "Meta-Atoms" | p. 29 |
3.1 Electrically Resonant Particles | p. 30 |
3.2 Magnetically Resonant Particles | p. 34 |
3.3 Dielectric-Metal Resonant Particles | p. 36 |
3.4 Complementary Particles | p. 38 |
3.5 Dielectric Particles | p. 43 |
3.6 Nonresonant Particles | p. 48 |
3.7 LC Particles | p. 51 |
3.8 D.C. Particles | p. 57 |
References | p. 62 |
4 Homogeneous Metamaterials: Super Crystals | p. 67 |
4.1 Homogeneous Metamaterials: Periodic Arrangements of Particles | p. 68 |
4.1.1 SNG Metamaterials | p. 68 |
4.1.2 DNG Metamaterials | p. 79 |
4.1.3 Zero-Index Metamaterials | p. 85 |
4.1.4 DPS Metamaterials | p. 85 |
4.2 Single-Negative Metamaterials | p. 89 |
4.2.1 Evanescent-Wave Amplification in MNG-ENG Bilayer Slabs | p. 89 |
4.2.2 Partial Focusing by Anisotropic MNG Metamaterials | p. 97 |
4.3 Double-Negative Metamaterials | p. 101 |
4.3.1 Strong Localization of EM Waves Using Four-Quadrant LHM-RHM Open Cavities | p. 101 |
4.3.2 Free-Space LHM Super Lens Based on Fractal-Inspired DNG Metamaterials | p. 107 |
4.4 Zero-Index Metamaterials | p. 112 |
4.4.1 Electromagnetic Tunneling through a Thin Waveguide Channel Filled with ENZ Metamaterials | p. 112 |
4.4.2 Highly Directive Radiation by a Line Source in Anisotropic Zero-Index Metamaterials | p. 119 |
4.4.3 Spatial Power Combination for Omnidirectional Radiation via Radial AZIM | p. 122 |
4.4.4 Directivity Enhancement to Vivaldi Antennas Using Compact AZIMs | p. 125 |
4.5 Double-Positive Metamaterials | p. 127 |
4.5.1 Transmission Polarizer Based on Anisotropic DPS Metamaterials | p. 127 |
4.5.2 Increasing Bandwidth of Microstrip Antennas by Magneto-Dielectric Metamaterials Loading | p. 132 |
Appendix: 2D Near-Field Mapping Apparatus | p. 140 |
References | p. 141 |
5 Random Metamaterials: Super Noncrystals | p. 147 |
5.1 Random Metamaterials: Random Arrangements of Particles | p. 147 |
5.1.1 Randomly Gradient Index Metamaterial | p. 147 |
5.1.2 Metasurface with Random Distribution of Reflection Phase | p. 150 |
5.2 Diffuse Reflections by Metamaterial Coating with Randomly Distributed Gradients of Refractive Index | p. 152 |
5.2.1 Role of Amount of Subregions or Length of Coating | p. 157 |
5.2.2 Influence of Impedance Mismatch | p. 157 |
5.2.3 Influence of Random Distribution Mode | p. 158 |
5.2.4 Experimental Verification of Diffuse Reflections | p. 159 |
5.3 RCS Reduction by Metasurface with Random Distribution of Reflection Phase | p. 163 |
References | p. 166 |
6 Inhomogeneous Metamaterials: Super Quasicrystals | p. 169 |
6.1 Inhomogeneous Metamaterials: Particularly Nonperiodic Arrays of Meta-Atoms | p. 169 |
6.2 Geometric Optics Method: Design of Isotropic Metamaterials | p. 171 |
6.3 Quasi-Conformal Mapping: Design of Nearly Isotropic Metamaterials | p. 173 |
6.4 Optical Transformation: Design of Anisotropic Metamaterials | p. 176 |
6.5 Examples | p. 178 |
6.5.1 Invisibility Cloaks | p. 178 |
6.5.2 Concentrators | p. 180 |
6.5.3 High-Performance Antennas | p. 182 |
6.5.4 Illusion-Optics Devices | p. 185 |
References | p. 188 |
7 Gradient-Index Inhomogeneous Metamaterials | p. 191 |
7.1 Several Representative GRIN Metamaterials | p. 194 |
7.1.1 Hole-Array Metamaterial | p. 194 |
7.1.2 I-Shaped Metamaterial | p. 195 |
7.1.3 Waveguide Metamaterial | p. 195 |
7.2 2D Planar Gradient-Index Lenses | p. 197 |
7.2.1 Derivation of the Refractive Index Profile | p. 197 |
7.2.2 Full-Wave Simulations (Continuous Medium) | p. 198 |
7.2.3 Hole-Array Metamaterials | p. 199 |
7.2.4 Full-Wave Simulations (Discrete Medium) | p. 200 |
7.2.5 Experimental Realization | p. 201 |
7.3 2D Luneburg Lens | p. 201 |
7.3.1 Refractive Index Profile | p. 202 |
7.3.2 Ray Tracing Performance | p. 202 |
7.3.3 Full-Wave Simulations (Continuous Medium) | p. 204 |
7.3.4 Metamaterials Utilized | p. 204 |
7.3.5 Experiments | p. 204 |
7.4 2D Half Maxwell Fisheye Lens | p. 207 |
7.4.1 Refractive Index Profile | p. 207 |
7.4.2 Ray Tracing Performance | p. 208 |
7.4.3 Full-Wave Simulations (Continuous Medium) | p. 208 |
7.4.4 Metamaterials Utilized | p. 209 |
7.4.5 Experiments | p. 210 |
7.5 3D Planar Gradient-Index Lens | p. 212 |
7.5.1 Refractive Index Profile | p. 213 |
7.5.2 Full-Wave Simulations (Continuous Medium) | p. 214 |
7.5.3 Metamaterials Utilized | p. 215 |
7.5.4 Experiments | p. 217 |
7.6 3D Half Luneburg Lens | p. 218 |
7.6.1 Refractive Index Profile | p. 219 |
7.6.2 Ray Tracing Performance | p. 219 |
7.6.3 Full-Wave Simulations | p. 220 |
7.6.4 Metamaterials Utilized | p. 221 |
7.6.5 Experiments | p. 222 |
7.7 3D Maxwell Fisheye Lens | p. 223 |
7.7.1 Refractive Index Profile | p. 223 |
7.7.2 Ray Tracing Performance | p. 223 |
7.7.3 Full-Wave Simulations and Experiments | p. 224 |
7.8 Electromagnetic Black Hole | p. 225 |
7.8.1 Refracrive Index Profile | p. 226 |
7.8.2 Ray Tracing Performance | p. 227 |
7.8.3 Full-Wave Simulations (Continuous Medium) | p. 227 |
7.8.4 Metamaterials Utilized | p. 228 |
7.8.5 Experiments | p. 228 |
References | p. 230 |
8 Nearly Isotropic Inhomogeneous Metamaterials | p. 233 |
8.1 2D Ground-Plane Invisibility Cloak | p. 233 |
8.2 2D Compact Ground-Plane Invisibility Cloak | p. 241 |
8.3 2D Ground-Plane Illusion-Optics Devices | p. 247 |
8.4 2D Planar Parabolic Reflector | p. 251 |
8.5 3D Ground-Plane Invisibility Cloak | p. 256 |
8.6 3D Flattened Luneburg Lens | p. 262 |
References | p. 268 |
9 Anisotropic Inhomogeneous Metamaterials | p. 271 |
9.1 Spatial Invisibility Cloak | p. 271 |
9.2 D.C. Circuit Invisibility Cloak | p. 274 |
9.3 Spatial Illusion-Optics Devices | p. 281 |
9.3.1 Shrinking Devices | p. 281 |
9.3.2 Material Conversion Devices | p. 283 |
9.3.3 Virtual Target Generation Devices | p. 286 |
9.4 Circuit Illusion-Optics Devices | p. 291 |
References | p. 296 |
10 Conclusions and Remarks | p. 299 |
10.1 Summary of the Book | p. 299 |
10.2 New Trends of Metamaterials | p. 300 |
10.2.1 Planar Metamaterials: Metasurfaces | p. 300 |
10.2.2 Coding Metamaterials and Programmable Metamaterials | p. 301 |
10.2.3 Plasmonic Metamaterials | p. 302 |
References | p. 303 |
Index | p. 305 |