High temperature superconductor bulk materials : fundamentals- processing- properties control- application aspects

Title:

Publication Information:

Weinheim : Wiley-VCH Verlag, 2006

ISBN:

9783527403837

Subject Term:

High temperature superconductors

Bulk solids

Added Author:

Krabbes, Gernot

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Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
Searching... PSZ JB	30000010112971	QA611.98.H54 H534 2006	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown

With its comprehensive review of the current knowledge and the future requirements in the field, this book presents all the features of bulk high temperature superconducting materials. Starting from physical and chemical fundamentals, the authors move on to portray methods and problems of materials processing, thoroughly working out the characteristic properties of bulk superconductors in contrast to long conductors and films. They provide a wide range of specific materials characteristics with respect to the latest developments and future applications guiding from fundamentals to practical engineering examples.
The authors are all leading international specialists involved in the field of high TC superconductor bulk materials since the beginning. Of utmost interest to engineers, scientists, and PhD students working in this field.

Author Notes

Professor Krabbes leads the Bulk Materials Development Group in the Institute of Solid State Research (IFF) as a part of IFW Dresden. He has authored more than 150 technical publications and 20 patents and was awarded the J H van t'Hoff Medal in Physical Chemistry in 1984 and the PASREG Award of Excellence in 1999. His colleague Guenter Fuchs received the PASREG Award for his outstanding scientific achievements in the field of bulk cuprate superconductors in high magnetic fields in 2003. Wolf-Ruediger Canders heads the Institute for Electrical Machines, Traction and Drives (IMAB) at the University of Braunschweig. Both Hardo May and Ryszard Palka are leading scientists at the IMAB.

Preface	p. XI
1 Fundamentals	p. 1
1.1 Introduction to Superconductivity in High-Temperature Superconductors (HTSCs)	p. 1
1.1.1 Introductory Remarks	p. 1
1.1.2 Internal Nomenclature	p. 3
1.1.3 Critical Currents and Flux Motion in Superconductors	p. 3
1.1.4 Magnetization Curve of a Type II Superconductor	p. 7
1.1.5 Determination of Critical Currents from Magnetization Loops	p. 9
1.1.6 Magnetic Relaxation	p. 11
1.1.7 Electric Field-Current Relation	p. 13
1.1.8 Peculiarities of HTSCs in Comparison to Low-Temperature Superconductors	p. 15
1.1.9 Basic Relations for the Pinning Force and Models for its Calculation	p. 16
1.2 Features of Bulk HTSCs	p. 18
1.2.1 Bulk HTSCs of Large Dimensions	p. 19
1.2.2 Potential of Bulk HTSC for Applications	p. 20
1.3 Solid-State Chemistry and Crystal Structures of HTSCs	p. 22
1.3.1 Crystal Structures and Functionality	p. 22
1.3.2 Chemistry and Doping	p. 24
1.3.3 Intrinsic Doping: Variations of Stoichiometry	p. 25
1.3.4 Defect Chemistry	p. 26
1.3.5 Extrinsic Doping	p. 27
2 Growth and Melt Processing of YBa[subscript 2]Cu[subscript 3]O[subscript 7]	p. 31
2.1 Physico-Chemistry of RE-Ba-Cu-O Systems	p. 31
2.1.1 Phase Diagrams and Fundamental Thermodynamics	p. 31
2.1.2 Subsolidus Phase Relationships	p. 33
2.1.3 The Influence of Oxygen on Phase Equilibria: the System Y-Ba-Cu-O	p. 35
2.1.4 The Oxygen Nonstoichiometry in 123 phases: YBa[subscript 2]Cu[subscript 3]O[subscript 7-delta] (YBa[subscript 2]Cu[subscript 3]O[subscript 6+x])	p. 37
2.1.5 Phase Relationships in Y-Ba-Cu-O in the Solidus and Liquidus Range	p. 39
2.1.6 Phase Relationships and the Liquidus Surface in Systems Ln-Ba-Cu-O (Ln = Nd, Sm,..)	p. 42
2.1.7 Additional Factors	p. 45
2.2 Preparation of Polycrystalline RE123 Materials	p. 45
2.2.1 Synthesis of HTSC Compounds	p. 45
2.3 Growth of YBa[subscript 2]Cu[subscript 3]O[subscript 7] Single Crystals	p. 46
2.4 Processing of "Melt-Textured" YBaCuO Bulk Materials	p. 47
2.4.1 Experimental Procedure	p. 47
2.4.2 Mass Flow, Growth Rates, Kinetic and Constitutional Undercooling	p. 50
2.4.3 Developing Microstructures: Morphology, Inclusions, Defects	p. 53
2.5 Modified Melt Crystallization Processes For YBCO	p. 60
2.5.1 Variants of the YBa[subscript 2]Cu[subscript 3]O[subscript 7]-Y[subscript 2]BaCuO[subscript 5] Melt-Texturing Process	p. 60
2.5.2 Processing Mixtures of Y123 and Yttria	p. 60
2.5.3 Processing in Reduced Oxygen Partial Pressure	p. 63
3 Pinning-Relevant Defects in Bulk YBCO	p. 67
4 Properties of Bulk YBCO	p. 75
4.1 Vortex Matter Phase Diagram of Bulk YBCO	p. 75
4.1.1 Irreversibility Fields	p. 75
4.1.2 Upper Critical Fields	p. 78
4.1.3 Vortex Matter Phase Diagram	p. 79
4.2 Critical Currents and Pinning Force	p. 82
4.2.1 Transport Measurements	p. 82
4.2.2 Magnetization Measurements	p. 83
4.3 Flux Creep	p. 86
4.3.1 Flux Creep in Bulk YBCO	p. 86
4.3.2 Reduction of Flux Creep	p. 87
4.3.3 Pinning Properties from Relaxation Data	p. 89
4.4 Mechanical Properties	p. 91
4.4.1 Basic Relations	p. 91
4.4.2 Mechanical Data for Bulk YBCO	p. 93
4.5 Selected Thermodynamic and Thermal Properties	p. 96
4.5.1 Symmetry of the Order Parameter	p. 96
4.5.2 Specific Heat	p. 98
4.5.3 Thermal Expansion	p. 99
4.5.4 Thermal Conductivity	p. 101
5 Trapped Fields	p. 105
5.1 Low-Temperature Superconductors	p. 105
5.2 Bulk HTSC at 77 K	p. 105
5.3 Trapped Field Data at 77 K	p. 109
5.4 Limitation of Trapped Fields in Bulk YBCO at Lower Temperatures	p. 110
5.4.1 Magnetic Tensile Stress and Cracking	p. 111
5.4.2 Thermomagnetic Instabilities	p. 113
5.5 Magnetizing Superconducting Permanent Magnets by Pulsed Fields	p. 115
5.6 Numerical Calculations of the Local Critical Current Density from Field Profiles	p. 119
5.6.1 Inverse Field Problem: Two-Dimensional Estimation	p. 120
5.6.2 Three-Dimensional Estimation	p. 122
5.7 Visualization of Inhomogeneities in Bulk Superconductors	p. 125
6 Improved YBa[subscript 2]Cu[subscript 3]O[subscript 7-delta]-Based Bulk Superconductors and Functional Elements	p. 129
6.1 Improved Pinning Properties	p. 129
6.1.1 Chemical Modifications in YBa[subscript 2]Cu[subscript 3]O[subscript 7]	p. 129
6.1.2 Sub-Micro Particles Included in Bulk YBCO	p. 135
6.1.3 Irradiation Techniques	p. 136
6.2 Improved Mechanical Properties in YBa[subscript 2]Cu[subscript 3]O[subscript 7-delta]/Ag Composite Materials	p. 138
6.2.1 Fundamentals of the Processing and Growth of YBCO/Ag Composite Materials	p. 138
6.2.2 Processing and Results	p. 140
6.2.3 Properties of Bulk YBaCuO/Ag Composite Materials	p. 141
6.3 Near Net Shape Processing: Large Sized Bulk Superconductors and Functional Elements	p. 142
6.3.1 Finishing and Shaping	p. 143
6.3.2 The Multi-Seed Technique	p. 144
6.3.3 Rings of 123 Bulk Materials	p. 144
6.3.4 Joining of Separate Single Grains	p. 146
6.4 Bulk Materials and Processing Designed for Special Applications	p. 148
6.4.1 Infiltration Technique and Foams	p. 148
6.4.2 Long-Length Conductors and Controlled-Resistance Materials	p. 149
6.4.3 Bi2212 Bulk Materials and Rings	p. 151
6.4.4 Batch Processing of 123 Bulk Materials	p. 151
7 Alternative Systems	p. 155
7.1 Impact of Solid Solutions Ln[subscript 1+y]Ba[subscript 2-y]Cu[subscript 3]O[subscript 7 plus or minus delta] on Phase Stability and Developing Microstructure	p. 155
7.2 Advanced Processing of Ln123	p. 160
7.2.1 Oxygen Potential Control	p. 160
7.2.2 Oxygen-Controlled Melt Growth Process (OCMG)	p. 161
7.2.3 Isothermal Growth Process at Variable Oxygen Partial Pressure (OCIG)	p. 161
7.2.4 Composition Control in Oxidizing Atmosphere for Growing (CCOG)	p. 163
7.3 Alternative Seeding Techniques	p. 165
7.4 Further LnBa[subscript 2]Cu[subscript 3]O[subscript 7]-Based Materials	p. 165
7.5 Ag/LnBaCuO Composites with Large Lanthanide Ions	p. 166
7.5.1 Fundamentals of Processing	p. 166
7.5.2 Reactions Near the Seed-Melt Interface	p. 167
7.5.3 Growth and Properties of Ag/LnBaCuO Composites	p. 168
8 Peak Effect	p. 171
8.1 Peak Effect (due to Cluster of Oxygen Vacancies) in Single Crystals	p. 172
8.2 Peak Effect in Bulk HTSC	p. 175
9 Very High Trapped Fields in YBCO Permanent Magnets	p. 179
9.1 Bulk YBCO in Steel Tubes	p. 179
9.1.1 Magnetic Tensile Stress (in Reinforced YBCO Disks)	p. 179
9.1.2 Trapped Field Measurements	p. 181
9.2 Resin-Impregnated YBCO	p. 184
9.3 Trapped Field Data of Steel-reinforced YBCO	p. 185
9.4 Comparison of Trapped Field Data	p. 188
10 Engineering Aspects: Field Distribution in Bulk HTSC	p. 191
10.1 Field Distribution in the Meissner Phase	p. 192
10.1.1 Field Cooling	p. 192
10.1.2 Zero-Field Cooling	p. 193
10.2 Field Distribution in the Mixed State	p. 194
10.2.1 Field Cooling	p. 194
10.2.2 Zero-Field Cooling	p. 195
11 Inherently Stable Superconducting Magnetic Bearings	p. 199
11.1 Principles of Superconducting Bearings	p. 199
11.1.1 Introduction to Magnetic Levitation	p. 199
11.1.2 Attributes of Superconducting Magnetic Bearings with Bulk HTSC	p. 200
11.2 Forces in Superconducting Bearings	p. 201
11.2.1 Forces in the Meissner and the Mixed State	p. 201
11.2.2 Maximum Levitational Pressure in Superconducting Bearings	p. 204
11.3 Force Activation Modes and Magnet Systems in Superconducting Bearings	p. 207
11.3.1 Cooling Modes	p. 207
11.3.2 Operational Field Cooling with an Offset	p. 209
11.3.3 Maximum Field Cooling Mode	p. 211
11.3.4 Magnet Systems for Field Excitation in Superconducting Bearings	p. 211
11.3.5 Force Characteristics	p. 216
11.4 Optimized Flux Concentration Systems for Operational-Field Cooling (OFCo)	p. 220
11.4.1 Stray Field Compensation	p. 221
11.4.2 Dimensional Optimization of System Components	p. 221
11.5 Parameters Influencing the Forces of Superconducting Bearings	p. 225
11.5.1 Critical Current Density	p. 225
11.5.2 Temperature	p. 226
11.5.3 Flux Creep	p. 227
11.5.4 HTSC Bulk Elements Composed of Multiple Isolated Grains	p. 229
11.5.5 Number of Poles of the Excitation System	p. 232
11.6 Applications of Superconducting Bearings	p. 233
11.6.1 Bearings for Stationary Levitation	p. 234
11.6.2 Bearings for Rotary Motion	p. 236
11.6.3 Bearings for Linear Motion	p. 241
11.7 Specific Operation Conditions	p. 245
11.7.1 Precise Positioning of Horizontal Rotating Axis	p. 245
11.7.2 Bulk HTSCs Cooled Below 77 K	p. 246
11.7.3 Cooling the Excitation System along with the Superconductor	p. 247
11.7.4 Dynamics of Rotating Superconducting Bearings	p. 247
11.8 Numerical Methods	p. 249
11.8.1 Perfectly Trapped Flux Model (2D)	p. 250
11.8.2 Perfectly Trapped Flux Model (3D)	p. 252
11.8.3 Vector-Controlled Model (2D)	p. 253
12 Applications of Bulk HTSCs in Electromagnetic Energy Converters	p. 259
12.1 Design Principles	p. 259
12.2 Basic Demonstrator for Application in Electrical Machines - Hysteresis or Induction Machines	p. 261
12.3 Trapped-Field Machine Designs	p. 263
12.4 Stator-Excited Machine Designs with Superconducting Shields - The Reluctance Motor with Bulk HTSC	p. 269
12.5 Machines with Bulk HTSCs - Status and Perspectives	p. 273
13 Applications in Magnet Technologies and Power Supplies	p. 279
13.1 Superconducting Permanent Magnets with Extremely High Magnetic Fields	p. 279
13.1.1 Laboratory Magnets	p. 279
13.1.2 Magnetic Separators	p. 280
13.1.3 Sputtering Device	p. 283
13.1.4 Superconducting Wigglers and Undulators	p. 284
13.2 High-Temperature Superconducting Current Leads	p. 284
13.3 Superconducting Fault Current Limiters	p. 285
13.3.1 Inductive Fault Current Limiters	p. 286
13.3.2 Resistive Superconducting Fault Current Limiters	p. 287
13.3.3 Status of High AC Power SFCL Concepts	p. 288
13.4 High-Temperature Superconducting Magnetic Shields	p. 290
List of Abbreviations	p. 293
Index	p. 295

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