Hybrid materials : synthesis, characterization, and applications

Title:

Publication Information:

Weinheim, Germany : Wiley-VCH, 2007

Physical Description:

xvii, 498 p. : ill. ; 25 cm.

ISBN:

9783527312993

Subject Term:

Added Author:

Available:*

Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
Searching... PSZ JB	30000010185841	TA418.9.C6 H95 2007	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown

Hybrid materials have currently a great impact on numerous future developments including nanotechnology. This book presents an overview about the different types of materials, clearly structured into synthesis, characterization and applications. A perfect starting point for everyone interested in the field, but also for the specialist as a source of high quality information.

Author Notes

Guido Kickelbick is professor at the Institute of Materials Chemistry of the Vienna University of Technology, Austria. Born in Hamm, he studied chemistry at the University of Würzburg, Germany, gaining his PhD in 1997 under Ulrich Schubert on sol-gel derived surface-modified metal oxo clusters. He was subsequently awarded a post-doctoral fellowship with Krzysztof Matyjaszewski at the Center for Macromolecular Engineering at the Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, USA, on the application of controlled radical polymerization in the formation of hybrid materials. In 1998 he returned to the Vienna University of Technology where he has since worked in the field of hybrid materials and nanocomposites, as well as surface-functionalized nanoparticles with a particular focus on the combination of organic polymers with inorganic components. Professor Kickelbick has published more than 150 papers on different aspects of inorganic, polymer and materials chemistry.

Guido KickelbickWalter CaseriElodie Bourgeat-LamiJin Zhu and Charles A. WilkieNicola HusingDouglas A. LoyHeather A. Currie and Siddharth V. Patwardhan and Carole C. Perry and Paul Roach and Neil J. ShirtcliffeKanji Tsuru and Satoshi Hayakawa and Akiyoshi OsakaLuis Antonio Dias Carlos and R.A. Sa Ferreira and V. de Zea BermudezJason E. RitchieMark D. Soucek

1 Introduction to Hybrid Materials	p. 1
1.1 Introduction	p. 1
1.1.1 Natural Origins	p. 1
1.1.2 The Development of Hybrid Materials	p. 2
1.1.3 Definition: Hybrid Materials and Nanocomposites	p. 3
1.1.4 Advantages of Combining Inorganic and Organic Species in One Material	p. 7
1.1.5 Interface-determined Materials	p. 10
1.1.6 The Role of the Interaction Mechanisms	p. 11
1.2 Synthetic Strategies towards Hybrid Materials	p. 12
1.2.1 In situ Formation of Inorganic Materials	p. 13
1.2.1.1 Sol-Gel Process	p. 14
1.2.1.2 Nonhydrolytic Sol-Gel Process	p. 16
1.2.1.3 Sol-Gel Reactions of Non-Silicates	p. 16
1.2.1.4 Hybrid Materials by the Sol-Gel Process	p. 17
1.2.1.5 Hybrid Materials Derived by Combining the Sol-Gel Approach and Organic Polymers	p. 19
1.2.2 Formation of Organic Polymers in Presence of Preformed Inorganic Materials	p. 20
1.2.3 Hybrid Materials by Simultaneous Formation of Both Components	p. 22
1.2.4 Building Block Approach	p. 23
1.2.4.1 Inorganic Building Blocks	p. 24
1.2.4.2 Organic Building Blocks	p. 32
1.3 Structural Engineering	p. 35
1.4 Properties and Applications	p. 39
1.5 Characterization of Materials	p. 41
1.6 Summary	p. 46
2 Nanocomposites of Polymers and Inorganic Particles	p. 49
2.1 Introduction	p. 49
2.2 Consequences of Very Small Particle Sizes	p. 53
2.3 Historical Reports on Inorganic Nanoparticles and Polymer Nanocomposites	p. 63
2.4 Preparation of Polymer Nanocomposites	p. 65
2.4.1 Mixing of Dispersed Particles with Polymers in Liquid	p. 67
2.4.2 Mixing of Particles with Monomers Followed by Polymerization	p. 71
2.4.3 Nanocomposite Formation by means of Molten or Solid Polymers	p. 73
2.4.4 Concomitant Formation of Particles and Polymers	p. 74
2.5 Properties and Applications of Polymer Nanocomposites	p. 75
2.5.1 Properties	p. 75
2.5.2 Applications	p. 78
2.5.2.1 Catalysts	p. 78
2.5.2.2 Gas Sensors	p. 79
2.5.2.3 Materials with Improved Flame Retardance	p. 80
2.5.2.4 Optical Filters	p. 80
2.5.2.5 Dichroic Materials	p. 81
2.5.2.6 High and Low Refractive Index Materials	p. 81
2.6 Summary	p. 83
3 Hybrid Organic/Inorganic Particles	p. 87
3.1 Introduction	p. 87
3.2 Methods for creating Particles	p. 92
3.2.1 Polymer Particles	p. 92
3.2.1.1 Oil-in-water Suspension Polymerization	p. 92
3.2.1.2 Precipitation and Dispersion Polymerizations	p. 93
3.2.1.3 Oil-in-water Emulsion Polymerization	p. 94
3.2.1.4 Oil-in-water Miniemulsion Polymerization	p. 95
3.2.1.5 Oil-in-water Microemulsion Polymerization	p. 95
3.2.2 Vesicles, Assemblies and Dendrimers	p. 95
3.2.2.1 Vesicles	p. 95
3.2.2.2 Block Copolymer Assemblies	p. 96
3.2.2.3 Dendrimers	p. 97
3.2.3 Inorganic Particles	p. 98
3.2.3.1 Metal Oxide Particles	p. 98
3.2.3.2 Metallic Particles	p. 99
3.2.3.3 Semiconductor Nanoparticles	p. 101
3.2.3.4 Synthesis in Microemulsion	p. 102
3.3 Hybrid Nanoparticles Obtained Through Self-assembly Techniques	p. 103
3.3.1 Electrostatically Driven Self-assembly	p. 103
3.3.1.1 Heterocoagulation	p. 103
3.3.1.2 Layer-by-layer Assembly	p. 107
3.3.2 Molecular Recognition Assembly	p. 109
3.4 O/I Nanoparticles Obtained by in situ Polymerization Techniques	p. 111
3.4.1 Polymerizations Performed in the Presence of Preformed Mineral Particles	p. 111
3.4.1.1 Surface Modification of Inorganic Particles	p. 112
3.4.1.2 Polymerizations in Multiphase Systems	p. 113
3.4.1.3 Surface-initiated Polymerizations	p. 124
3.4.2 In situ Formation of Minerals in the Presence of Polymer Colloids	p. 130
3.4.2.1 Polymer Particles Templating	p. 130
3.4.2.2 Block Copolymers, Dendrimers and Microgels Templating	p. 134
3.5 Hybrid Particles Obtained by Simultaneously Reacting Organic Monomers and Mineral Precursors	p. 137
3.5.1 Poly(organosiloxane/vinylic) Copolymer Hybrids	p. 137
3.5.2 Polyorganosiloxane Colloids	p. 140
3.6 Conclusion	p. 142
4 Intercalation Compounds and Clay Nanocomposites	p. 151
4.1 Introduction	p. 151
4.2 Polymer Lamellar Material Nanocomposites	p. 153
4.2.1 Types of Lamellar Nano-additives	p. 153
4.2.2 Montmorillonite Layer Structure	p. 154
4.2.3 Modification of Clay	p. 154
4.3 Nanostructures and Characterization	p. 156
4.3.1 X-ray Diffraction and Transmission Electron Microscopy to Probe Morphology	p. 156
4.3.2 Other Techniques to Probe Morphology	p. 158
4.4 Preparation of Polymer-clay Nanocomposites	p. 160
4.4.1 Solution Mixing	p. 161
4.4.2 Polymerization	p. 161
4.4.3 Melt Compounding	p. 163
4.5 Polymer-graphite and Polymer Layered Double Hydroxide Nanocomposites	p. 164
4.5.1 Nanocomposites Based on Layered Double Hydroxides and Salts	p. 166
4.6 Properties of Polymer Nanocomposites	p. 167
4.7 Potential Applications	p. 168
4.8 Conclusion and Prospects for the Future	p. 169
5 Porous Hybrid Materials	p. 175
5.1 General Introduction and Historical Development	p. 175
5.1.1 Definition of Terms	p. 177
5.1.2 Porous (Hybrid) Matrices	p. 179
5.1.2.1 Microporous Materials: Zeolites	p. 180
5.1.2.2 Mesoporous Materials: M41S and FSM Materials	p. 182
5.1.2.3 Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs)	p. 184
5.2 General Routes towards Hybrid Materials	p. 185
5.2.1 Post-synthesis Modification of the Final Dried Porous Product by Gaseous, Liquid or Dissolved Organic or Organometallic Species	p. 185
5.2.2 Liquid-phase Modification in the Wet Nanocomposite Stage or - for Mesostructured Materials and Zeolites - Prior to Removal of the Template	p. 787
5.2.3 Addition of Molecular, but Nonreactive Compounds to the Precursor Solution	p. 188
5.2.4 Co-condensation Reactions by the use of Organically-substituted Co-precursors	p. 188
5.2.5 The Organic Entity as an Integral Part of the Porous Framework	p. 190
5.3 Classification of Porous Hybrid Materials by the Type of Interaction	p. 192
5.3.1 Incorporation of Organic Functions Without Covalent Attachment to the Porous Host	p. 192
5.3.1.1 Doping with Small Molecules	p. 192
5.3.1.2 Doping with Polymeric Species	p. 196
5.3.1.3 Incorporation of Biomolecules	p. 199
5.3.2 Incorporation of Organic Functions with Covalent Attachment to the Porous Host	p. 201
5.3.2.1 Grafting Reactions	p. 201
5.3.2.2 Co-condensation Reactions	p. 203
5.3.3 The Organic Function as an Integral Part of the Porous Network Structure	p. 209
5.3.3.1 ZOL and PMO: Zeolites with Organic Groups as Lattice and Periodically Mesostructured Organosilicas	p. 209
5.3.3.2 Metal-Organic Frameworks	p. 213
5.4 Applications and Properties of Porous Hybrid Materials	p. 219
6 Sol-Gel Processing of Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Materials Based on Polysilsesquioxanes	p. 225
6.1 Introduction	p. 225
6.1.1 Definition of Terms	p. 226
6.2 Forming Polysilsesquioxanes	p. 228
6.2.1 Hydrolysis and Condensation Chemistry	p. 228
6.2.2 Alternative Polymerization Chemistries	p. 234
6.2.3 Characterizing Silsesquioxane Sol-Gels with NMR	p. 235
6.2.4 Cyclization in Polysilsesquioxanes	p. 237
6.3 Type I Structures: Polyhedral Oligosilsesquioxanes (POSS)	p. 240
6.3.1 Homogenously Functionalized POSS	p. 240
6.3.2 Stability of Siloxane Bonds in Silsesquioxanes	p. 242
6.4 Type II Structures: Amorphous Oligo- and Polysilsesquioxanes	p. 243
6.4.1 Gelation of Polysilsesquioxanes	p. 243
6.4.2 Effects of pH on Gelation	p. 245
6.4.3 Polysilsesquioxane Gels	p. 246
6.4.4 Polysilsesquioxane-Silica Copolymers	p. 247
6.5 Type III: Bridged Polysilsesquioxanes	p. 248
6.5.1 Molecular Bridges	p. 248
6.5.2 Macromolecule-bridged Polysilsesquioxanes	p. 252
6.6 Summary	p. 252
6.6.1 Properties of Polysilsesquioxanes	p. 253
6.6.2 Existing and Potential Applications	p. 253
7 Natural and Artificial Hybrid Biomaterials	p. 255
7.1 Introduction	p. 255
7.2 Building Blocks	p. 256
7.2.1 Inorganic Building Blocks	p. 256
7.2.1.1 Nucleation and Growth	p. 259
7.2.2 Organic Building Blocks	p. 262
7.2.2.1 Proteins and DNA	p. 262
7.2.2.2 Carbohydrates	p. 264
7.2.2.3 Lipids	p. 266
7.2.2.4 Collagen	p. 266
7.3 Biomineralization	p. 269
7.3.1 Introduction	p. 269
7.3.1.1 Biomineral Types and Occurrence	p. 269
7.3.1.2 Functions of Biominerals	p. 270
7.3.1.3 Properties of Biominerals	p. 270
7.3.2 Control Strategies in Biomineralization	p. 272
7.3.3 The Role of the Organic Phase in Biomineralization	p. 275
7.3.4 Mineral or Precursor - Organic Phase Interactions	p. 276
7.3.5 Examples of Non-bonded Interactions in Bioinspired Silicification	p. 279
7.3.5.1 Effect of Electrostatic Interactions	p. 279
7.3.5.2 Effect of Hydrogen Bonding Interactions	p. 279
7.3.5.3 Effect of the Hydrophobic Effect	p. 280
7.3.6 Roles of the Organic Phase in Biomineralization	p. 280
7.4 Bioinspired Hybrid Materials	p. 281
7.4.1 Natural Hybrid Materials	p. 283
7.4.1.1 Bone	p. 283
7.4.1.2 Dentin	p. 285
7.4.1.3 Nacre	p. 287
7.4.1.4 Wood	p. 287
7.4.2 Artificial Hybrid Biomaterials	p. 289
7.4.2.1 Ancient materials	p. 289
7.4.2.2 Structural Materials	p. 290
7.4.2.3 Non-structural Materials	p. 290
7.4.3 Construction of Artificial Hybrid Biomaterials	p. 291
7.4.3.1 Organic Templates to Dictate Shape and Form	p. 291
7.4.3.2 Integrated Nanoparticle-Biomolecule Hybrid Systems	p. 292
7.4.3.3 Routes to Bio-nano Hybrid Systems	p. 292
7.5 Responses	p. 294
7.5.1 Biological Performance	p. 294
7.5.2 Protein Adsorption	p. 295
7.5.3 Cell Adhesion	p. 295
7.5.4 Evaluation of Biomaterials	p. 296
7.6 Summary	p. 298
8 Medical Applications of Hybrid Materials	p. 301
8.1 Introduction	p. 301
8.1.1 Composites, Solutions, and Hybrids	p. 301
8.1.2 Artificial Materials for Repairing Damaged Tissues and Organs	p. 306
8.1.3 Tissue-Material Interactions	p. 310
8.1.4 Material-Tissue Bonding; Bioactivity	p. 313
8.1.5 Blood-compatible Materials	p. 318
8.2 Bioactive Inorganic-Organic Hybrids	p. 319
8.2.1 Concepts of Designing Hybrids	p. 319
8.2.2 Concepts of Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Scaffolds and Membranes	p. 321
8.2.3 PDMS-Silica Hybrids	p. 323
8.2.4 Organoalkoxysilane Hybrids	p. 324
8.2.5 Gelatin-Silicate Hybrids	p. 326
8.2.6 Chitosan-Silicate Hybrids	p. 327
8.3 Surface Modifications for Biocompatible Materials	p. 328
8.3.1 Molecular Brush Structure Developed on Biocompatible Materials	p. 328
8.3.2 Alginic Acid Molecular Brush Layers on Metal Implants	p. 329
8.3.3 Organotitanium Molecular Layers with Blood Compatibility	p. 330
8.4 Porous Hybrids for Tissue Engineering Scaffolds and Bioreactors	p. 331
8.4.1 PDMS-Silica Porous Hybrids for Bioreactors	p. 331
8.4.2 Gelatin-Silicate Porous Hybrids	p. 332
8.4.3 Chitosan-Silicate Porous Hybrids for Scaffold Applications	p. 333
8.5 Chitosan-based Hybrids for Drug Delivery Systems	p. 334
8.6 Summary	p. 335
9 Hybrid Materials for Optical Applications	p. 337
9.1 Introduction	p. 337
9.2 Synthesis Strategy for Optical Applications	p. 339
9.3 Hybrids for Coatings	p. 343
9.4 Hybrids for Light-emitting and Electro-optic Purposes	p. 353
9.4.1 Photoluminescence and Absorption	p. 353
9.4.2 Electroluminescence	p. 359
9.4.3 Quantifying Luminescence	p. 365
9.4.3.1 Color Coordinates, Hue, Dominant Wavelength and Purity	p. 365
9.4.3.2 Emission Quantum Yield and Radiance	p. 368
9.4.4 Recombination Mechanisms and Nature of the Emitting Centers	p. 372
9.4.5 Lanthanide-doped Hybrids	p. 374
9.4.6 Solid-state Dye-lasers	p. 379
9.5 Hybrids for Photochromic and Photovoltaic Devices	p. 381
9.6 Hybrids for Integrated and Nonlinear Optics	p. 387
9.6.1 Planar Waveguides and Direct Writing	p. 387
9.6.2 Nonlinear Optics	p. 393
9.7 Summary	p. 398
10 Electronic and Electrochemical Applications of Hybrid Materials	p. 401
10.1 Introduction	p. 401
10.2 Historical Background	p. 402
10.3 Fundamental Mechanisms of Conductivity in Hybrid Materials	p. 403
10.3.1 Electrical Conductivity	p. 403
10.3.2 Li- Conductivity	p. 407
10.3.3 H Conductivity	p. 409
10.4 Explanation of the Different Materials	p. 411
10.4.1 Sol-Gel Based Systems	p. 411
10.4.2 Nanocomposites	p. 412
10.4.3 Preparation of Electrochemically Active Films (and Chemically Modified Electrodes)	p. 414
10.5 Special Analytical Techniques	p. 415
10.5.1 Electrochemical Techniques	p. 415
10.5.2 Pulsed Field Gradient NMR	p. 418
10.6 Applications	p. 419
10.6.1 Electrochemical Sensors	p. 419
10.6.2 Optoelectronic Applications	p. 421
10.6.3 H-conducting Electrolytes for Fuel Cell Applications	p. 423
10.6.4 Li-conducting Electrolytes for Battery Applications	p. 426
10.6.5 Other Ion Conducting Systems	p. 429
10.7 Summary	p. 430
11 Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Coatings	p. 433
11.1 General Introduction to Commodity Organic Coatings	p. 433
11.2 General Formation of Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Coatings	p. 435
11.2.1 Acid and Base Catalysis within an Organic Matrix	p. 436
11.2.2 Thermally Cured Inorganic/Organic Seed Oils Coatings	p. 443
11.2.3 Drying Oil Auto-oxidation Mechanism	p. 444
11.2.4 Metal Catalysts	p. 445
11.3 Alkyds and Other Polyester Coatings	p. 449
11.3.1 Inorganic/Organic Alkyd Coatings	p. 450
11.4 Polyurethane and Polyurea Coatings	p. 451
11.4.1 Polyurea Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Coatings	p. 452
11.4.2 Polyurethane/Polysiloxane Inorganic/Organic Coating System	p. 455
11.5 Radiation Curable Coatings	p. 459
11.5.1 UV-curable Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Coatings	p. 461
11.5.2 Models for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Coatings	p. 465
11.5.3 Film Morphology	p. 468
11.6 Applications	p. 470
11.7 Summary	p. 471
Index	p. 477

Available:*

On Order

Summary

Summary

Author Notes

Table of Contents