Applied aspects of optical communication and LIDAR

Exploring the practical aspects of atmospheric optical communication and light detection and ranging (LIDAR), Applied Aspects of Optical Communication and LIDAR details the role of atmospheric structures in propagation phenomena that influence the transmission of optical signals through perturbed atmospheric communication channels. It examines numerous situations in over-the-terrain atmospheric communication channels, including the effects of natural phenomena and the corresponding features (turbulences and hydrometeors) on optical ray propagation.

Bridging the gap between the parameters of optical communication links and signal information data streams, this concise reference addresses line-of-sight (LOS) as well as obstructive non-line-of-sight (NLOS) propagation conditions. It also:

Details the main characteristics of optical communication channels

Introduces the quasi-regular gaseous atmosphere

Describes numerous situations in the atmospheric communication channel

Explains the main characteristics of optical communication channels

Complete with parameters for information data streams, the text also provides time-saving suggestions for determining which optical devices will work best for minimizing the deleterious effects of natural atmospheric phenomena. Whether you're a researcher, an engineer, or student--this book provides you with the practical understanding required to use LIDAR to investigate all forms of atmospheric phenomena and to learn how to accurately predict primary parameters of atmospheric optical channels.

Author Notes

Nathan Blaunstein received his BSc. and MSc. in Radiophysics and Electronics from the State University, Tomsk, and his Ph.D. and DSc. in Radiophysics and Electronics from the Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radiowave Propagation Academy of Sciences in Moscow, both in the former USSR.

Blaunstein is a professor at the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and at Tel-Aviv University, Israel. He is the author of Radio Propagation in Cellular Networks (Artech House, 2000). He has done extensive research in problems of the ionosphere and ionospheric radio propagation for geophysical purposes, diffraction and scattering in various media for purpose of radiolocation, mobile-satellite and terrestrial communications, and for cellular and mobile systems performance and services (2 books, more than 130 articles and 3 patents), being a scientific adviser of Tadiran Telecom, InnoWave, Spectrolink, Magal Security Systems (Israel), Stellar-Senstar, Inc. (Canada), Ancoras (USA).

05l

Preface	p. ix
Acknowledgments	p. xiii
About the Authors	p. xv
Chapter 1 Atmosphere: Structure and Processes	p. 1
1.1 Vertical Profiles of Temperature, Pressure, and Number Density	p. 1
1.2 Aerosols	p. 2
1.2.1 Aerosol Loading	p. 4
1.2.2 Aerosol Size Distribution and Spectral Extinction	p. 7
1.3 Hydrometeors	p. 12
1.3.1 Fog	p. 12
1.3.2 Rain	p. 13
1.3.3 Clouds	p. 13
1.3.3.1 First Cloud Cover Model	p. 14
1.3.3.2 Second Cloud Cover Model	p. 14
1.3.3.3 Third Cloud Cover Model	p. 15
1.3.3.4 Ceiling Cloud Model	p. 15
1.3.4 Snow	p. 15
1.4 Atmospheric Turbulence	p. 16
1.4.1 Energy Cascade Theory	p. 16
1.4.2 Spectral Characteristics	p. 21
1.4.3 C2n Altitude Distribution	p. 24
1.4.4 L 0 Altitude Distribution	p. 26
1.4.5 Non-Kolmogorov Turbulence	p. 28
1.4.6 Generalized Power Spectrum	p. 31
References	p. 33
Chapter 2 Optical Wave Propagation in the Atmosphere	p. 41
2.1 Refraction Phenomena	p. 41
2.2 Effects of Aerosols	p. 43
2.2.1 Attenuation of Aerosols	p. 44
2.2.2 Scattering by Aerosol	p. 45
2.3 Aerosol Effects on Optical Wave Propagation	p. 46
2.3.1 Atmospheric Transmission	p. 9
2.3.2 Aerosol Beam Widening	p. 50
2.4 Effects of Hydrometeors	p. 53
2.4.1 Effects of Clouds and Fog	p. 53
2.4.2 Effects of Rain	p. 54
2.5 Effects of Atmospheric Turbulence on Optical Propagation	p. 55
2.5.1 Scintillations	p. 57
2.5.2 Beam Wander and Angle of Arrival of Optical Wave	p. 63
2.6 Measurements of Atmospheric Turbulence	p. 80
2.7 Modeling of Atmospheric Optical Turbulence	p. 82
2.7.1 Analytical Models	p. 82
2.7.2 Empirical and Semi-Empirical Models	p. 83
2.7.2.1 Concept and Applications of Thiermann (MOS) Model	p. 84
2.7.2.2 Macroscale Meteorological Model	p. 87
2.7.2.3 Extension of the Macroscale Meteorological Model	p. 92
2.8 Line-of-Sight Bending Caused by Strong Atmospheric Turbulence	p. 97
2.8.1 Modeling of Line-of-Sight Bending	p. 99
2.8.2 Boundary Layer Turbulence Modeling	p. 100
2.8.3 Fluctuations of the Refractive Index	p. 104
2.8.4 Line-of-Sight Bending Prediction	p. 107
References	p. 114
Chapter 3 Applied Aspects of Lidar	p. 123
3.1 Turbulence Profile Measurement with Lidar	p. 125
3.1.1 Imaging Lidar Principle	p. 126
3.1.2 Practical Considerations	p. 131
3.1.3 Lidar Inaccuracy	p. 134
3.1.4 C 2 n Retrieval Technique	p. 141
3.2 Lidar Research of Passive Scalar Field Fluctuations	p. 144
3.2.1 Lidar Method for Turbulence Spectrum Estimation	p. 145
3.3 Lidar Measurement of Atmospheric Aerosol Paramecers	p. 152
References	p. 162
Chapter 4 Optical Communication Channels	p. 171
4.1 Main Characteristics	p. 171
4.1.1 Block Diagram of the Communication System	p. 173
4.1.2 Link Budget	p. 176
4.2 Key Parameters Prediction	p. 180
4.3 Mathematical and Statistical Description of Signal Fading	p. 181
4.3.1 Lognormal Probability Density Function	p. 183
4.3.2 Gamma-Gamma Density Distribution Function	p. 184
4.3.3 K Probability Density Distribution Function	p. 186
4.4 Modulation Methods	p. 186
4.4.1 On-Off Keying Modulation	p. 188
4.4.2 Pulse Amplitude Modulation	p. 193
4.4.3 Pulse Position Modulation	p. 194
4.4.4 The Effect of Turbulence on OOK System Analysis	p. 195
4.4.5 Mitigating Atmospheric Turbulence Effects	p. 198
4.4.6 Performance of an OWC as a Function of Wavelength	p. 198
References	p. 201
Chapter 5 Channel and Signal Data Parameters in Atmospheric Optical Communication Links	p. 205
5.1 Irrfadiance PDF	p. 206
5.1.1 Gamma-Gamma Distribution	p. 207
5.1.2 Ricean Distribution	p. 208
5.2 Key Parameters of Data Stream in Optical Channels with Fading	p. 210
5.2.1 BER of Optical Channel	p. 210
5.2.2 Channel Capacity and Spectral Efficiency	p. 211
5.2.2.1 Classical Approach	p. 212
5.2.2.2 Approximate Approach	p. 213
5.3 Modeling of Key Parameters of the Channel and Information Data	p. 218
5.4 Summary	p. 235
References	p. 236
Abbreviations	p. 241
Index	p. 245

Available:*

On Order

Summary

Summary

Author Notes

Table of Contents