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Library | Item Barcode | Call Number | Material Type | Item Category 1 | Status |
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Summary
Summary
Optics and photonics technologies are ubiquitous: they are responsible for the displays on smart phones and computing devices, optical fiber that carries the information in the internet, advanced precision manufacturing, enhanced defense capabilities, and a plethora of medical diagnostics tools. The opportunities arising from optics and photonics offer the potential for even greater societal impact in the next few decades, including solar power generation and new efficient lighting that could transform the nation's energy landscape and new optical capabilities that will be essential to support the continued exponential growth of the Internet.
As described in the National Research Council report Optics and Photonics: Essential Technologies for our Nation , it is critical for the United States to take advantage of these emerging optical technologies for creating new industries and generating job growth. The report assesses the current state of optical science and engineering in the United States and abroad--including market trends, workforce needs, and the impact of photonics on the national economy. It identifies the technological opportunities that have arisen from recent advances in, and applications of, optical science and engineering. The report also calls for improved management of U.S. public and private research and development resources, emphasizing the need for public policy that encourages adoption of a portfolio approach to investing in the wide and diverse opportunities now available within photonics.
Optics and Photonics: Essential Technologies for our Nation is a useful overview not only for policymakers, such as decision-makers at relevant Federal agencies on the current state of optics and photonics research and applications but also for individuals seeking a broad understanding of the fields of optics and photonics in many arenas.
Table of Contents
Summary | p. 1 |
1 Introduction | p. 13 |
Motivation for This Study | p. 15 |
Enabling Technology | p. 16 |
Economic Issues | p. 17 |
Global Perspective | p. 18 |
Importance of Education | p. 18 |
Progress for the Future | p. 19 |
2 Impact of Photonics on the National Economy | p. 20 |
Introduction | p. 20 |
The Economics of Photonics: A Case Study of Lasers | p. 21 |
The Economic Impact of the Laser | p. 22 |
Funding of Early Laser Development | p. 23 |
The Early Laser Market | p. 24 |
International Comparison | p. 25 |
Conclusions from the Laser Case Study | p. 27 |
Estimating the Economic Impact of Photonics-Industry Revenues, Employment, and R&D Investment in the United States | p. 28 |
Government and Industrial Sources of R&D Funding in Photonics and Federal Funding of Optics | p. 32 |
Changes in Photonics-based Innovations in the United States Since 1980 | p. 37 |
Venture Capital in Optics | p. 43 |
Markets for Technology, Intellectual Property, and U.S. University Technology Licensing | p. 50 |
Models of Collaborative R&D and Implications for Photonics Innovation | p. 52 |
Semiconductor Manufacturing Technology (SEMATECH) | p. 54 |
Optoelectronics Industry Development Association (OIDA) | p. 56 |
National Nanotechnology Initiative | p. 59 |
Summary Comments | p. 60 |
Proposed National Photonics Initiative | p. 61 |
Findings | p. 62 |
Recommendations | p. 63 |
3 Communications, Information Processing, and Data Storage | p. 64 |
Introduction | p. 64 |
Communications | p. 65 |
Information Processing | p. 69 |
Data Storage | p. 72 |
Impact Example: The Internet | p. 73 |
Technical Advances | p. 75 |
Communications | p. 75 |
Networking | p. 85 |
R&D Example Areas | p. 87 |
Information Processing | p. 88 |
Data Storage | p. 91 |
Manufacturing | p. 92 |
Communications | p. 92 |
Information Processing | p. 93 |
Data Storage | p. 94 |
Economic Impact | p. 94 |
Comparison Between the United States and the Rest of the World | p. 96 |
Findings and Conclusions | p. 97 |
Recommendations and Grand Challenge Questions | p. 99 |
4 Defense and National Security | p. 102 |
Introduction | p. 102 |
Optics and Photonics: Impact on Defense Systems | p. 104 |
Technology Overview | p. 104 |
Changes Since the Harnessing Light Study | p. 105 |
Identification of Technological Opportunities from Recent Advances | p. 108 |
Manufacturing | p. 121 |
U.S. Global Position | p. 122 |
Findings and Conclusions | p. 124 |
Recommendation and Grand Challenge Questions | p. 126 |
5 Energy | p. 127 |
Introduction | p. 127 |
Solar Power | p. 130 |
Photovoltaic Systems | p. 133 |
Concentrated Solar Power Systems | p. 142 |
Hybrid Systems | p. 147 |
LCOE Outlook for Solar Power Compared to Other Current and Possible Future Fuel Sources | p. 148 |
Solid-State Lighting | p. 150 |
Findings | p. 159 |
Recommendations and Grand Challenge Question | p. 160 |
6 Health and Medicine | p. 163 |
Introduction | p. 163 |
Historical Overview of the Impact of Technology on Medicine | p. 164 |
Optics and Photonics in Medical Practice Today | p. 166 |
Advances in Technology Providing the Opportunity for New Applications of Photonics | p. 168 |
Advances in Technology Providing the Opportunity for Future Applications of Photonics | p. 169 |
Nucleic Acid Sequence Detection and Mutation Detection | p. 169 |
Proteomic Analysis Through Protein and Tissue Arrays | p. 171 |
High-Throughput Screening | p. 171 |
Flow Cytometry Mass Spectrometry | p. 174 |
Ophthalmology | p. 174 |
Image-Guided Surgery | p. 176 |
Dual Energy CT and Quantitative Image Analysis | p. 178 |
Biomedical Optics in Regenerative Medicine | p. 180 |
Biomedical Optics in Research | p. 180 |
Findings | p. 181 |
Recommendations | p. 183 |
7 Advanced Manufacturing | p. 185 |
Introduction | p. 185 |
Production and Innovation in Photonics Technologies: Three Case Studies | p. 186 |
Displays | p. 186 |
Solar Cells | p. 189 |
Optoelectronic Components for Communications Systems | p. 194 |
Similarities and Differences Among the Three Cases | p. 200 |
Advanced Manufacturing in Optics | p. 202 |
Optical Surfaces | p. 203 |
Aspherical Lenses | p. 204 |
Fabrication Processes and Equipment | p. 204 |
Applications of Photonics in Manufacturing | p. 205 |
Photolithography | p. 206 |
Lasers in Manufacturing | p. 211 |
Additive Manufacturing | p. 212 |
Stereolithography | p. 214 |
Selective Laser Sintering | p. 215 |
Laser Engineered Net Shaping | p. 217 |
Photonics and the Future of U.S. Manufacturing | p. 219 |
High-Volume Products | p. 220 |
Low-Volume Products | p. 221 |
The U.S. Manufacturing Workforce | p. 221 |
Findings | p. 223 |
Recommendations and Grand Challenge Question | p. 224 |
8 Advanced Photonic Measurements and Applications | p. 226 |
Introduction | p. 226 |
Impact of Optics and Photonics on Sensing, Imaging, and Metrology | p. 227 |
Technology Overview | p. 230 |
Changes Since Harnessing Light | p. 232 |
Changes in SI Definitions | p. 232 |
Development of Attosecond Pulse Trains by Means of the Generation of High Harmonics | p. 233 |
Table-top Availability of Extreme Intensities by Means of Chirped-Pulse Amplification | p. 234 |
Nano-optics and Plasmonics, Negative-Index Materials, and Transformation Optics | p. 235 |
Advances in Controlled Generation of Quantum Light States and Their Manipulation and Detection | p. 236 |
High-Resolution Remote Sensing with Optical Synthetic Aperture Radar | p. 239 |
Advances in Adaptive Optical Techniques | p. 239 |
Identification of Technological Opportunities from Recent Advances | p. 239 |
Manufacturing | p. 244 |
U.S. Global Position | p. 244 |
Findings | p. 245 |
Recommendations and Grand Challenge Question | p. 246 |
9 Strategic Materials for Optics | p. 248 |
Introduction | p. 248 |
Energy Applications | p. 249 |
Novel Structures: Sub-Wavelength Optics, Metamaterials, and Photonic Crystals | p. 250 |
Technology Challenges of Nanostructured Materials | p. 254 |
Optical Materials in the Life Sciences and Synthetic Biology | p. 257 |
Findings | p. 258 |
Recommendations | p. 259 |
10 Displays | p. 260 |
Introduction | p. 260 |
The Near Future | p. 262 |
Overview of Displays | p. 263 |
Liquid-Crystal Displays | p. 263 |
Touch Displays | p. 264 |
OLED Displays | p. 267 |
Flexible Displays | p. 268 |
Projection Displays | p. 269 |
Three-Dimensional Holographic Displays | p. 269 |
Display Product Manufacturing | p. 272 |
Findings | p. 272 |
Recommendations | p. 272 |
Appendixes | |
A Statement of Task, with Introductory Information | p. 277 |
B Acronyms and Abbreviations | p. 280 |
C Additional Technology Examples | p. 288 |
D Biographies of Committee Members | p. 331 |