Sustainable water

Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
Searching... PSZ JB	30000010254174	TD353 S87 2010	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown
Searching... PSZ JB	30000010265810	TD353 S87 2010	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown

It is predicted that climate change will result in big changes to the global distribution of rainfall, causing drought and desertification in some regions and floods in others. Already there are signs of such changes occurring, with particularly serious consequences for poorer countries. The need for international cooperation in managing the effects of climate change, and other influences on the hydrological cycle, is becoming urgent. Future wars may well be fought over water. This book is part of a series focusing on key issues in environmental science and technology. Focusing on the sustainability of water supplies to the growing populations throughout the world, this volume consists of articles contributed by a group of experts drawn from around the globe. Issues covered include: policy making in the European Union; rural water supplies in Africa; chemical monitoring and analytical methods; water use in agriculture; social justice in supplying water; potable water recycling, and sustainable water treatment. The book will be useful to those working in the water industry, policy makers and planners, researchers and environmental consultants, and students in environmental science, technology, engineering, and management. There is also much here to interest all concerned with major environmental issues such as climate change and the many other factors which influence the sustainability of water supplies.

Author Notes

The series has been edited by Professors Hester and Harrison since it began in 1994.

Professor Roy Harrison OBE is listed by ISI Thomson Scientific (on ISI Web of Knowledge) as a Highly Cited Researcher in the Environmental Science/Ecology category. He has an h-index of 54 (i.e. 54 of his papers have received 54 or more citations in the literature). In 2004 he was appointed OBE for services to environmental science in the New Year Honours List. He was profiled by the Journal of Environmental Monitoring (Vol 5, pp 39N-41N, 2003). Professor Harrison's research interests lie in the field of environment and human health. His main specialism is in air pollution, from emissions through atmospheric chemical and physical transformations to exposure and effects on human health. Much of this work is designed to inform the development of policy.

Now an emeritus professor, Professor Ron Hester's current activities in chemistry are mainly as an editor and as an external examiner and assessor. He also retains appointments as external examiner and assessor / adviser on courses, individual promotions, and departmental / subject area evaluations both in the UK and abroad.

Philippe QuevauvillerHelen Bonsor and Alan MacDonald and Roger CalowUlrich Borchers and David Schwesig and Ciaran O'Donnell and Colman ConcannonTim Hess and Jerry Knox and Melvyn Kay and Keith WeatherheadAdrian McDonald and Martin Clarke and Peter Boden and David KayStuart KhanMatt Hotze and Greg Lowry

Water Sustainability and Climate Change in the EU and Global Context - Policy and Research Responses	p. 1
1 Introduction	p. 2
2 Climate Change Impacts on Water	p. 2
3 Policy Background	p. 4
3.1 Introduction	p. 4
3.2 EU Policies	p. 5
3.3 At International Level	p. 12
4 Current Research	p. 13
4.1 Introduction	p. 13
4.2 Research into Climate Change Scenarios	p. 15
4.3 Research into Climate Change Impacts on the Water Environment and Cycle	p. 16
4.4 Research into Mitigation/Adaptation Options and Costs	p. 17
4.5 Research on Droughts and Water Scarcity	p. 19
4.6 Research on Floods	p. 19
4.7 Research Perspectives and Needs	p. 20
5 Conclusions: Needs for Improving Science - Policy Links	p. 21
References	p. 22
Potential Impact of Climate Change on Improved and Unimproved Water Supplies in Africa	p. 25
1 Introduction	p. 26
2 Scenarios of Climate Change	p. 28
2.1 IPCC Fourth Assessment of Climate Change	p. 28
2.2 Key Uncertainties in Climate Projections	p. 29
2.2.1 General Uncertainties in Climate Projections	p. 29
2.2.2 Uncertainties in African Climate Projections	p. 30
2.3 Projected Climate Change in Africa	p. 31
2.4 Climate Science since the IPCC Fourth Assessment: 4 °C Possibilities	p. 32
2.5 Summary	p. 34
3 Impacts of Climate Change on Rural Water Supply in Africa	p. 34
3.1 A Framework for Discussion	p. 34
3.2 Likely Impact of Climate Change on Available Water Resources	p. 35
3.2.1 General	p. 35
3.2.2 Surface Water Resources	p. 35
3.2.3 Groundwater Resources	p. 37
3.3 Access to Reliable Water Supplies	p. 39
3.4 Changing Water Demands	p. 43
4 Summary	p. 44
References	p. 45
The European Water Framework Directive - Chemical Monitoring Programmes, Analytical Challenges and Results from an Irish Case Study	p. 50
1 The Chemical Monitoring Approach of the WFD	p. 51
1.1 Basic Principles and Approach	p. 51
1.2 Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) and Resulting Monitoring Requirements	p. 52
1.3 Design of Monitoring Programmes in the EU	p. 54
1.3.1 General	p. 54
1.3.2 Design of Surveillance and Operational Monitoring Programmes	p. 54
1.3.3 Sampling Strategy	p. 55
1.3.4 Sampling of Water and Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM)	p. 55
1.4 Frequency of the Monitoring	p. 56
2 Analytical Challenges of the WFD Monitoring	p. 57
2.1 Analytical Methods for the Determination of Priority Substances in Water	p. 57
2.2 The EU QA/QC Directive 2009/90/EC	p. 58
2.3 Priority Substances Difficult to Analyse	p. 59
2.3.1 Organochlorine Pesticides	p. 59
2.3.2 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)	p. 60
2.3.3 Tributyltin Compounds	p. 60
2.3.4 Pentabromodiphenylether (PBDE)	p. 62
2.3.5 Short-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins (SCCPs)	p. 62
3 Case Study: Surface Water Monitoring in Ireland	p. 64
3.1 Introduction	p. 64
3.2 Overview of Results of the Chemical Monitoring of Priority Substances	p. 64
3.2.1 Substances with Concentrations below LOQ	p. 64
3.2.2 Substances with Concentrations above LOQ (Positive Results)	p. 68
3.2.3 Substances with Concentrations above the EQS	p. 68
3.3 Discussion	p. 72
3.3.1 Mecoprop	p. 72
3.3.2 Glyphosate	p. 73
3.3.3 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)	p. 73
3.4 Challenges and Pitfalls	p. 74
3.4.1 Tributyltin	p. 74
3.4.2 Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP)	p. 75
References	p. 76
Managing the Water Footprint of Irrigated Food Production in England and Wales	p. 78
1 Water Footprints - Understanding the Terminology	p. 79
1.1 Definition of Water Footprint	p. 79
1.2 ôBlueö and ôGreenö Water	p. 79
2 Water Use in Irrigated Agriculture	p. 80
2.1 Areas Irrigated and Volumes of Water Abstracted	p. 80
2.2 Irrigation Water Sources	p. 82
2.3 Location of Irrigation	p. 82
3 Managing the Water Footprint	p. 83
3.1 Managing Water Better	p. 83
3.1.1 Improving Management to Increase Irrigation Efficiency	p. 85
3.1.2 Switching Technology to Increase Irrigation Application Uniformity	p. 86
3.1.3 Securing Water Resources and Using ôAppropriateö Quality Water	p. 87
3.2 Managing Abstraction	p. 87
4 Discussion	p. 88
5 Conclusion	p. 90
Acknowledgements	p. 90
References	p. 90
Social Justice and Water	p. 93
1 The Emergence of the Social Justice Concept	p. 93
2 Definitions and Meaning	p. 94
3 Water and Interaction with People	p. 94
4 Water and Social Justice on a World Scale	p. 95
5 Flooding and Social Justice	p. 96
6 Water and Social Justice on a UK Scale	p. 97
6.1 What Price Water?	p. 97
6.2 Water and Social Justice in the UK at Fine Scale	p. 99
6.2.1 Why an Analysis of Water Debt: Water Debt and Corporate Justice?	p. 99
6.2.2 Water Debt in Context	p. 100
6.2.3 The Linkage to Deprivation	p. 102
6.3 Developing a Socially just Response to Water Debt	p. 107
7 Social Justice and Water Futures	p. 109
References	p. 111
Safe Management of Chemical Contaminants for Planned Potable Water Recycling	p. 114
1 Introduction: Planned Potable Water Recycling	p. 115
2 Chemical Contaminants in Potable Water Recycling	p. 116
3 Chemical Risk Assessment and Potable Water Recycling	p. 118
4 Relative Risk	p. 122
5 Direct Toxicity Testing	p. 123
5.1 In vivo Toxicity Testing	p. 123
5.2 In vitro Toxicity Testing	p. 124
6 Indicator Chemicals and Surrogate Parameters	p. 126
7 Probabilistic Water Treatment Performance Assessment	p. 128
8 Australian Guidelines for Water Recycling	p. 132
9 Conclusions	p. 135
References	p. 135
Nanotechnology for Sustainable Water Treatment	p. 138
1 Introduction	p. 139
2 Disinfection and Oxidation Technologies	p. 140
2.1 Oligodynamic Processes	p. 140
2.2 Photo-Driven Processes	p. 142
2.2.1 Photocatalytic Semiconductors	p. 142
2.2.2 Fullerene Photosensitisation	p. 143
3 Nanotechnology Improving Membranes for Water Treatment	p. 145
3.1 Nanocomposite Membranes	p. 145
3.2 Nanotube Embedded Membranes	p. 147
3.3 Monitoring Membrane Failure with Nanomaterials	p. 148
4 Groundwater Remediation Using Nanotechnology	p. 148
4.1 Electrically Switched Ion Exchange (ESIX)	p. 149
4.2 Nano Reactive Zero Valent Iron Particles for in situ Groundwater Remediation	p. 149
4.3 Bimetallic Particles for Transformations	p. 152
4.4 Surface Modified Nanoparticles for in situ Groundwater Treatment	p. 153
4.4.1 Polymeric Surface Modification	p. 154
4.4.2 Emulsified NZVI	p. 155
4.4.3 NZVI Embedded onto Carriers or Supports	p. 155
4.4.4 Particles Embedded in Membranes	p. 156
5 Sustainability Challenges	p. 156
5.1 Raw Materials	p. 157
5.2 Manufacturing	p. 157
5.3 Use and End of Life	p. 158
6 Conclusions	p. 159
Acknowledgements	p. 159
References	p. 159
Subject Index	p. 165

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