Emergence and evolution of endogenous water institutions in an African river basin : local water governance and state intervention in the Pangani River Basin, Tanzania

Cover image for Emergence and evolution of endogenous water institutions in an African river basin : local water governance and state intervention in the Pangani River Basin, Tanzania

Title:

Personal Author:

Komakech, Charles Hans

Publication Information:

Leiden, NE : CRC Press/Balkema, 2013

Physical Description:

xviii, 234 p. : ill. ; 25 cm.

ISBN:

9781138001114

Subject Term:

Watershed management -- Tanzania -- Case studies

Water-supply -- Tanzania -- Pangani River Watershed (Tanzania) -- Management

Added Corporate Author:

Delft University of Technology

Unesco-IHE Institute for Water Education

DSP_DISSERTATION:

Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the Board of Doctorates of Delft University of Technology and the Academic Board of the UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education for the degree of doctor to be defended in public on Thursday, July 4, 2013 at 12.30 hours in Delft, The Netherlands.

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Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
Searching... PSZ JB	30000010345522	TC519.T35 K66 2013 r	Reference Book	UTM PhD External Thesis (Closed Access)	Searching... Unknown

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Summary

Water management challenges in many basins of Sub-Saharan Africa are increasing due to rapid urbanisation, poverty and food insecurity, energy demands, and climate change. These challenges put additional demands on existing water institutions, and their capacity to reconcile competing claims. In addition to supply augmentation measures, solving water competition and conflict requires crafting new governance arrangements that can ensure equitable and sustainable use of the limited water resources.

This book discusses how instead of harmony, state intervention in the water sector appears to generate dissonance at the interface with locally evolved water institutions. The book describes and analyses how local level innovation in institutional arrangements for water sharing often emerged around the creation of hydraulic property and/or is negotiated to secure more water flow for downstream users. Unlike most research on collective action in which water asymmetry, inequality and heterogeneity are seen as risks to collective action, the book discusses how they instead dynamically interact and give rise to interdependencies between water users which facilitate coordination and collective action.

The book describes in detail cooperative arrangements as well as conflicts between large- and small-scale irrigation farmers, as well as between irrigation farmers and cities in an African context.

The book makes a novel contribution to existing theories and concepts related to catchment water management. It expands the typology of basin actors' responses by explicitly introducing a meso layer which depicts the interface where state-led and local-level initiatives and responses are played out. The book also provides conceptual clarity on the dynamics between water asymmetry, inequality in access to land, and heterogeneity sustaining collective action over common pool resources. It further shows that not all the eight institutional design principles proposed by Ostrom (1993) are necessary for a water institution to be effective and to endure over time.

Author Notes

Charles Hans Komakech is a lecturer of integrated watershed and river basin management at the department of Water, Environmental Science and Engineering, Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology, Tanzania. Komakech obtained a bachelor degree in Civil Engineering from Makerere University, Uganda. He obtained his Master of Science in Water Management from UNESCO-IHE, the Netherlands and a second MSc in Water and Wastes Engineering from Loughborough University, UK. For his PhD, Komakech conducted research on the emergence and evolution of water institutions in the Pangani basin, Tanzania. His research interests include understanding the emergence of collective action institutions, water allocation and governance, participatory simulation and agent-based modelling, and agricultural water management.

Abstract	p. i
Acknowledgement	p. v
Preface	p. vii
Table, of Content	p. ix
List of Acronyms	p. xiii
List of Figures	p. xiv
List of Tables	p. xvii
List of boxes	p. xviii
Part 1 Water Governance Context	p. 1
Chapter 1 Introduction	p. 3
1.1 The setting: water management issues and challenges	p. 3
1.2 Concepts and theories	p. 4
1.2.1 Responses to water management challenges	p. 4
1.2.2 Upscaling local self-governing water institutions	p. 8
1.3 Research objectives	p. 9
1.4 Methodology	p. 10
1.4.1 Planned research approach	p. 11
1.4.2 Research methods and approach used	p. 12
1.5 SSI Projects and linkages	p. 13
1.6 Structure of the thesis	p. 15
Chapter 2 Pangani River Basin over time and space: on the interface of local and basin level responses	p. 17
2.1 Abstract	p. 17
2.2 Introduction	p. 18
2.3 Conceptual framework: River basin trajectory	p. 19
2.4 Water use development in the Pangani River Basin	p. 25
2.4.1 Introduction to the Pangani River Basin	p. 25
2.4.2 Water resources and present utilization	p. 26
2.5 The Pangani trajectory: Local and State-led initiatives and their interplay	p. 28
2.5.1 Locally initiated water management	p. 28
2.5.2 State-led water development - (a) infrastructure development	p. 30
2.5.3 State-led water development - (b) water management	p. 31
2.5.4 At the interface of the local and the State - (a) State-issued water rights and water fees in practice	p. 33
2.5.5 At the interface of the local and the State - (b) Basin institutional setup	p. 36
2.6 Discussion	p. 38
2.7 Conclusions	p. 40
Part 2 State Intervention: Reconfiguring Pangani Basest Water Institutions	p. 43
Chapter 3 Formalisation of water allocation systems and impacts on local practices in Hingilili sub-catchment, Tanzania	p. 45
3.1 Abstract	p. 45
3.2 Introduction	p. 46
3.3 Theoretical framework: evolution of water institutions through bricolagc	p. 47
3.4 Research methods and case study area	p. 49
3.4.1 Methods	p. 49
3.4.2 Study area	p. 50
3.5 Historical evolution of water allocation arrangements	p. 53
3.5.1 Water allocation and management within irrigation furrows in the Hingilili sub-catchment	p. 55
3.5.2 Water allocation between furrows in the highland	p. 55
3.5.3 Water allocation, conflict and management between furrows in the lowland	p. 56
3.5.4 Water allocation and management at the sub-catchment level	p. 58
3.6 Government and nongovernmental interventions since 2003	p. 59
3.6.1 Formation of a sub-catchment apex organisation	p. 59
3.6.2 Linkages between state-led water rights reforms and local practices	p. 60
3.7 Discussion: interface and impacts of formalization	p. 62
3.8 Conclusions	p. 65
Chapter 4 Polycentrism and pitfalls - the formation of water users' forums in Kikuletwa catchment, Tanzania	p. 67
4.1 Abstract	p. 67
4.2 Introduction	p. 68
4.3 Conceptual review of catchment forums	p. 69
4.4 Case study: Kikuletwa catchment	p. 71
4.4.1 Research methods	p. 71
4.4.2 Biophysical and socio-economic, context	p. 71
4.4.3 Kikuletwa catchment institutional environment and actors	p. 73
4.5 Process and formulation of Kikuletwa water users associations	p. 76
4.6 Discussion: water institutional design pitfalls	p. 82
4.7 Conclusions	p. 84
Chapter 5 The last will be first: water transfers from agriculture to cities in the Pangani river basin, Tanzania	p. 87
5.1 Abstract	p. 87
5.2 Introduction	p. 88
5.3 Conceptual review: water transfer between agricultural and urban use	p. 90
5.4 Study Area And Research Methods	p. 92
5.5 Pangani Water Conflict: City Versus Smallholder Agriculture	p. 94
5.6 Discussion	p. 105
5.7 Conclusions	p. 108
Part 3 Rediscovering Local Water Governance in the Pangani Basin	p. 111
Chapter 6 The dynamics between water asymmetry, inequality and heterogeneity sustaining canal institutions in the Makanya catchment, Tanzania	p. 115
6.1 Abstract	p. 115
6.2 Introduction	p. 116
6.3 Conceptual Review: Inequality, Water Asymmetry And Heterogeneity	p. 118
6.4 Research Methods And Case Study	p. 121
6.4.1 Research methods	p. 121
6.4.2 Biophysical and socio-economic context	p. 123
6.5 Water Sharing Arrangements	p. 124
6.5.1 Evolution of water sharing practices in Mkanyeni furrow	p. 124
6.5.2 Furrow management and sustainability	p. 126
6.5.3 Land access inequality and heterogeneity	p. 127
6.5.4 Furrow water allocation, conflict and gender	p. 129
6.5.5 Water sharing between furrows in Bangalala village	p. 132
6.6 Discussion And Conclusions	p. 134
Chapter 7 Understanding the emergence and functioning of river committees in a catchment of the Pangani basin, Tanzania	p. 137
7.1 Abstract	p. 137
7.2 Introduction	p. 138
7.3 Theoretical framework: Institutional emergence and functioning	p. 139
7.3.1 Design principles for long-enduring institutions	p. 139
7.3.2 Heterogeneity and group size	p. 141
7.4 Research methods and case study	p. 142
7.4.1 Research methods	p. 142
7.4.2 Case study sub-catchment	p. 143
7.5 Emergence of river committees	p. 146
7.5.1 Ngarenaro river committee	p. 147
7.5.2 Seliani river committee	p. 151
7.5.3 Lower Themi river committee	p. 154
7.6 Discussion: Emergence and functioning of river committees	p. 158
7.7 Conclusions	p. 164
Chapter 8 The role of statutory and local rules in allocating water between large and small-scale irrigators in an African river catchment	p. 167
8.1 Abstract	p. 167
8.2 Introduction	p. 168
8.3 Framework: water rights, struggles and control	p. 169
8.4 Research methods and case study sub-catchment	p. 172
8.4.1 Research methods	p. 172
8.4.2 Nduruma River	p. 173
8.5 Water governance in Nduruma	p. 175
8.5.1 State-sanctioned water right governance in Nduruma	p. 175
8.5.2 Local water governance in Nduruma sub-catchment	p. 176
8.5.3 Local catchment wide governance structure: Nduruma River Committee	p. 177
8.5.4 Legitimacy and struggles over water access and control	p. 179
8.5.5 Contested official water law: case of Gomba estate	p. 179
8.5.6 Mediating local conflict: Enza Zaden's role in Manyire water conflict	p. 180
8.5.7 Negotiated allocation: Estates' agreeing with the local River Committee	p. 182
8.6 Discussion	p. 184
8.7 Conclusions	p. 186
Part 4 Evolving Water Institutions: Discussion and Conclusions	p. 189
Chapter 9 A game theoretic analysis of evolution of cooperation, in small-scale irrigation canal system	p. 191
9.1 Abstract	p. 191
9.2 Introduction	p. 192
9.3 The canal cleaning game set up	p. 194
9.4 Model results and analysis	p. 195
9.5 Discussion and conclusion	p. 201
Chapter 10 Discussion and conclusions: the emergence and evolution of water institutions	p. 203
10.1 Understanding the dynamics of water institutions in the Pangani	p. 203
10.2 Contribution to theories, concepts and methodology	p. 208
10.3 Critical reflection on strength and limitation of the research	p. 211
References	p. 215
Samenvatting	p. 229
About the Author	p. 234

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Author Notes

Table of Contents