Embedded C programming and the Atmel AVR

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Enter the world of embedded programming and microcontroller applications! One of the only books available today that uses the increasingly popular and cost-effective Atmel AVR embedded controller as the platform and application for learning, Embedded C Programming and the Atmel AVR, 2E is the perfect choice for novices. Featuring a host of fully-functional example applications, this highly innovative book enables users to adopt a "learn by doing" approach as they develop the knowledge and skills needed to achieve proficiency. Following an introduction to Atmel AVR RISC processors, readers are launched immediately into an embedded C language tutorial. Here, they'll experiment with variables and constants, operators and expressions, control statements, pointers and arrays, memory types, preprocessor directives, real-time methods, and more! In addition to a comprehensive library functions reference, an entire chapter on the CodeVision AVR C Compiler provides clear, step-by-step instruction in IDE installation and operation, mixing Assembler with C, and using the Code Wizard Code Generator. Use of peripherals - such as keypads, LCD displays, and other common embedded microcontroller-related devices - is also explored fully in this all-inclusive, state-of-the-art programmer's how-to and reference manual.

Preface	p. xiii
Introduction	p. xxi
Chapter 1 Embedded C Language Tutorial
1.1 Objectives	p. 1
1.2 Introduction	p. 1
1.3 Beginning Concepts	p. 2
1.4 Variables and Constants	p. 4
1.4.1 Variable Types	p. 4
1.4.2 Variable Scope	p. 5
Local Variables	p. 5
Global Variables	p. 5
1.4.3 Constants	p. 6
Numeric Constants	p. 7
Character Constants	p. 7
1.4.4 Enumerations and Definitions	p. 7
1.4.5 Storage Classes	p. 9
Automatic	p. 9
Static	p. 9
Register	p. 9
1.4.6 Type Casting	p. 9
1.5 I/O Operations	p. 11
1.6 Operators and Expressions	p. 12
1.6.1 Assignment and Arithmetic Operators	p. 12
Bitwise Operators	p. 13
1.6.2 Logical and Relational Operators	p. 14
Logical Operators	p. 15
Relational Operators	p. 15
1.6.3 Increment, Decrement, and Compound Assignment	p. 16
Increment Operators	p. 16
Decrement Operators	p. 17
Compound Assignment Operators	p. 17
1.6.4 The Conditional Expression	p. 17
1.6.5 Operator Precedence	p. 18
1.7 Control Statements	p. 19
1.7.1 While Loop	p. 19
1.7.2 Do/While Loop	p. 21
1.7.3 For Loop	p. 22
1.7.4 If/Else	p. 23
If Statement	p. 23
If/Else Statement	p. 23
Conditional Expression	p. 26
1.7.5 Switch/Case	p. 26
1.7.6 Break, Continue, and Goto	p. 28
Break	p. 28
Continue	p. 28
Goto	p. 29
1.8 Functions	p. 33
1.8.1 Prototyping and Function Organization	p. 34
1.8.2 Functions that Return Values	p. 36
1.8.3 Recursion	p. 37
1.9 Pointers and Arrays	p. 41
1.9.1 Pointers	p. 41
1.9.2 Arrays	p. 45
1.9.3 Multidimensional Arrays	p. 47
1.9.4 Pointers to Functions	p. 49
1.10 Structures and Unions	p. 54
1.10.1 Structures	p. 54
1.10.2 Arrays of Structures	p. 56
1.10.3 Pointers to Structures	p. 57
1.10.4 Unions	p. 58
1.10.5 Typedef Operator	p. 60
1.10.6 Bits and Bitfields	p. 61
1.10.7 Sizeof Operator	p. 62
1.11 Memory Types	p. 63
1.11.1 Constants and Variables	p. 63
1.11.2 Pointers	p. 65
1.11.3 Register Variables	p. 65
sfrb and sfrw	p. 66
1.12 Real-Time Methods	p. 69
1.12.1 Using Interrupts	p. 69
1.12.2 Real-Time Executives	p. 72
1.12.3 State Machines	p. 75
1.13 Programming Style, Standards, and Guidelines	p. 80
1.14 Chapter Summary	p. 81
1.15 Exercises	p. 81
1.16 Laboratory Activities	p. 83
Chapter 2 The Atmel Risc Processors
2.1 Objectives	p. 87
2.2 Introduction	p. 87
2.3 Architectural Overview	p. 88
2.4 Memory	p. 89
2.4.1 Flash Code Memory	p. 89
2.4.2 Data Memory	p. 89
Registers	p. 90
I/O Registers	p. 90
SRAM	p. 92
2.4.3 Eeprom Memory	p. 94
2.5 Reset and Interrupt Functions	p. 97
2.5.1 Interrupts	p. 98
2.5.2 Reset	p. 101
Watchdog Timer and Reset	p. 102
2.6 Parallel I/O Ports	p. 105
2.7 Timer/Counters	p. 109
2.7.1 Timer/Counter Prescalers and Input Selectors	p. 110
2.7.2 Timer 0	p. 110
2.7.3 Timer 1	p. 114
Timer 1 Prescaler and Selector	p. 115
Timer 1 Input Capture Mode	p. 115
Timer 1 Output Compare Mode	p. 119
Timer 1 Pulse Width Modulator Mode	p. 123
2.7.4 Timer 2	p. 128
One-second recording interval using Timer 0	p. 129
Engine rpm measurement using Timer 1	p. 130
Drive shaft rpm measurement using Timer 1	p. 131
2.8 Serial Communication Using the Usart	p. 132
2.9 Analog Interfaces	p. 141
2.9.1 Analog-to-Digital Background	p. 141
2.9.2 Analog-to-Digital Converter Peripheral	p. 142
2.9.3 Analog Comparator Peripheral	p. 146
Measuring engine temperature using the analog-to-digital converter (ADC)	p. 149
Sending collected data to the PC	p. 150
2.10 Serial Communication Using the SPI	p. 151
2.11 Serial Communication Using I[superscript 2]C	p. 158
2.12 The Avr Risc Assembly Language Instruction Set	p. 160
2.13 Chapter Summary	p. 163
2.14 Exercises	p. 167
2.15 Laboratory Activities	p. 168
Chapter 3 Standard I/O and Preprocessor Functions
3.1 Objectives	p. 171
3.2 Introduction	p. 171
3.3 Character Input/Output Functions - getchar() and putchar()	p. 172
3.4 Standard Output Functions	p. 178
3.4.1 Put String-puts()	p. 178
3.4.2 Put String FLASH-putsf()	p. 179
3.4.3 Print Formatted-printf()	p. 180
3.4.4 String Print Formatted-sprintf()	p. 182
3.5 Standard Input Functions	p. 183
3.5.1 Get String-gets()	p. 184
3.5.2 Scan Formatted-scanf()	p. 185
3.5.3 Scan String Formatted-sscanf()	p. 187
3.6 Preprocessor Directives	p. 188
3.6.1 The #include Directive	p. 188
3.6.2 The #define Directive	p. 189
3.6.3 The #ifdef, #ifndef, #else, and #endif Directives	p. 191
3.6.4 The #pragma Directive	p. 196
#pragma warn	p. 197
#pragma opt	p. 197
#pragma optsize	p. 197
#pragma savereg	p. 198
#pragma regalloc	p. 199
#pragma promotechar	p. 199
#pragma uchar	p. 199
#pragma library	p. 200
3.6.5 Other Macross and Directives	p. 200
3.7 Chapter Summary	p. 201
3.8 Exercises	p. 202
3.9 Laboratory Activities	p. 202
Chapter 4 The Codevisionavr C Compiler and IDE
4.1 Objectives	p. 205
4.2 Introduction	p. 205
4.3 IDE Operation	p. 206
4.3.1 Projects	p. 206
Open Existing Projects	p. 206
Create New Projects	p. 207
Configure Projects	p. 208
Close Project	p. 209
4.3.2 Source Files	p. 209
Open an Existing Source File	p. 209
Create a New Source File	p. 209
Add an Existing File to the Project	p. 209
4.3.3 Edit Files	p. 211
4.3.4 Print Files	p. 214
4.3.5 The File Navigator	p. 214
4.4 C Compiler Options	p. 216
4.4.1 Memory Model	p. 217
4.4.2 Optimize For	p. 218
4.4.3 Optimization Level	p. 218
4.4.4 Program Type	p. 218
4.4.5 (s)printf Features and (s)scanf Features	p. 218
4.4.6 SRAM	p. 219
4.4.7 Compilation	p. 219
4.4.8 Messages Tab	p. 220
4.5 Compile and Make Projects	p. 220
4.5.1 Compile a Project	p. 220
4.5.2 Make a Project	p. 221
4.6 Program the Target Device	p. 222
4.6.1 Chip	p. 223
4.6.2 FLASH and EEPROM	p. 224
4.6.3 FLASH Lock Bits	p. 226
4.6.4 Fuse Bits	p. 226
4.6.5 Boot Lock Bit 0 and Boot Lock Bit I	p. 226
4.6.6 Signature	p. 226
4.6.7 Chip Erase	p. 227
4.6.8 Programming Speed	p. 227
4.6.9 Program All	p. 227
4.6.10 Other Programmers	p. 228
4.7 Codewizardavr Code Generator	p. 229
4.7.1 Chip Tab	p. 232
4.7.2 Ports Tab	p. 233
4.7.3 External IRQ Tab	p. 234
4.7.4 Timers Tab	p. 235
4.7.5 USART Tab	p. 236
4.7.6 ADC Tab	p. 237
4.7.7 Project Information Tab	p. 238
4.7.8 Generate Source Code	p. 239
4.8 Terminal Tool	p. 247
4.9 The Atmel AVR Studio Debugger	p. 249
4.9.1 Create a COFF File for AVR Studio	p. 250
4.9.2 Launch AVR Studio from CodeVisionAVR	p. 250
4.9.3 Open a File for Debug	p. 250
4.9.4 Start, Stop, and Step	p. 250
4.9.5 Set and Clear Breakpoints	p. 251
4.9.6 View and Modify Registers and Variables	p. 252
4.9.7 View and Modify the Machine State	p. 252
4.10 Chapter Summary	p. 253
4.11 Exercises	p. 253
4.12 Laboratory Activities	p. 255
Chapter 5 Project Development
5.1 Objectives	p. 257
5.2 Introduction	p. 257
5.3 Concept Development Phase	p. 257
5.4 Project Development Process Steps	p. 257
5.4.1 Definition Phase	p. 258
5.4.2 Design Phase	p. 260
5.4.3 Test Definition Phase	p. 261
5.4.4 Build and Test the Prototype Hardware Phase	p. 262
5.4.5 System Integration and Software Development Phase	p. 262
5.4.6 System Test Phase	p. 263
5.4.7 Celebration Phase	p. 263
5.5 Project Development Process Summary	p. 263
5.6 Example Project: A Weather Monitor	p. 263
5.6.1 Concept Phase	p. 263
5.6.2 Definition Phase	p. 264
5.6.2.1 Electrical Specification	p. 266
5.6.2.2 Operational Specification	p. 266
5.6.2.3 Basic Block Diagrams	p. 267
5.6.3 Measurement Considerations for the Design	p. 269
5.6.3.1 Temperature	p. 270
5.6.3.2 Barometric Pressure	p. 272
5.6.3.3 Humidity	p. 273
5.6.3.4 Wind Speed	p. 274
5.6.3.5 Wind Direction	p. 277
5.6.3.6 Rainfall	p. 278
5.6.3.7 Dew Point Computation	p. 281
5.6.3.8 Wind Chill Computation	p. 282
5.6.3.9 Battery Health	p. 283
5.6.3.10 Real Time	p. 283
5.6.4 Hardware Design, Outdoor Unit	p. 284
Wind Speed Input	p. 284
Rain Gauge Input	p. 286
900 MHz Transmitter	p. 286
Power Supply	p. 286
5.6.5 Software Design, Outdoor Unit	p. 286
5.6.6 Hardware Design, Indoor Unit	p. 287
900 MHz Receiver	p. 287
Power Supply	p. 290
5.6.7 Software Design, Indoor Unit	p. 290
5.6.8 Test Definition Phase	p. 292
Wind Direction	p. 293
Wind Speed	p. 293
Rain Gauge	p. 293
Air Temperature	p. 293
Barometric Pressure	p. 294
Relative Humidity	p. 294
System Test for Complete Project	p. 294
5.6.9 Build and Test Prototype Hardware Phase	p. 294
Outdoor Unit Checkout	p. 295
Indoor Unit Checkout	p. 297
5.6.10 System Integration and Software Development Phase, Outdoor Unit	p. 301
Temperature, Humidity, Wind Direction, and Battery Health	p. 305
Rainfall	p. 305
Wind Speed	p. 306
RF Telemetry	p. 306
5.6.11 System Integration and Software Development Phase, Indoor Unit	p. 312
Keeping Time	p. 312
Low-Battery Indication	p. 314
The Buttons and the Beeper	p. 316
Decoding the RF Telemetry	p. 318
Collecting and Protecting Rainfall Data	p. 321
Converting from Counts to Real Units	p. 324
Routines for Controlling the LCD	p. 325
Keeping the Display Up to Date	p. 331
Editing the Time and Date	p. 335
5.6.12 System Test Phase	p. 339
5.6.13 Changing It Up	p. 343
Picking a Part for a Better Fit	p. 343
Changes to the Schematic	p. 344
Changes to I/O Mapping	p. 344
Other Considerations	p. 348
5.7 Challenges	p. 349
5.8 Chapter Summary	p. 350
5.9 Exercises	p. 350
5.10 Laboratory Activity	p. 351
Appendix A Library Functions Reference	p. 353
Appendix B Getting Started with Codevisionavr and the STK500	p. 453
Appendix C Programming the AVR Microcontrollers	p. 471
Appendix D Installing and Using Thecableavr	p. 475
Appendix E The Megaavr-DEV Development Board	p. 489
Appendix F Ascii Table	p. 493
Appendix G AVR Instruction Set Summary	p. 497
Appendix H Answers to Selected Exercises	p. 503
Appendix I A "Fast Start" To Embedded C Programming and the AVR	p. 509
Index	p. 519

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