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Summary
Summary
For most post-conflict countries, the transition to peace is daunting. In countries with high-value natural resources - including oil, gas, diamonds, other minerals, and timber -the stakes are unusually high and peacebuilding is especially challenging. Resource-rich post-conflict countries face both unique problems and opportunities. They enter peacebuilding with an advantage that distinguishes them from other war-torn societies: access to natural resources that can yield substantial revenues for alleviating poverty, compensating victims, creating jobs, and rebuilding the country and the economy. Evidence shows, however, that this opportunity is often wasted. Resource-rich countries do not have a better record in sustaining peace. In fact, resource-related conflicts are more likely to relapse.
Focusing on the relationship between high-value natural resources and peacebuilding in post-conflict settings, this book identifies opportunities and strategies for converting resource revenues to a peaceful future. Its thirty chapters draw on the experiences of forty-one researchers and practitioners - as well as the broader literature - and cover a range of key issues, including resource extraction, revenue sharing and allocation, and institution building. The book provides a concise theoretical and practical framework that policy makers, researchers, practitioners, and students can use to understand and address the complex interplay between the management of high-value resources and peace.
High-Value Natural Resources and Post-Conflict Peacebuilding is part of a global initiative led by the Environmental Law Institute (ELI), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the University of Tokyo, and McGill University to identify and analyze lessons in natural resource management and post-conflict peacebuilding. The project has generated six edited books of case studies and analyses, with contributions from practitioners, policy makers, and researchers. Other books in the series address land; water; livelihoods; assessing and restoring natural resources; and governance.
Author Notes
Pivi Lujala is an associate professor at the Department of Geography, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) and a senior researcher at the Department of Economics, NTNU and the Centre for the Study of Civil War (CSCW) at the Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO).
Siri Aas Rustad is a researcher at CSCW, PRIO, and a Ph.D. candidate in political science at the Department of Sociology and Political Science, NTNU.
Table of Contents
List of figures and tables | p. vii |
Preface | p. ix |
Foreword | p. xiii |
Acknowledgments | p. xv |
High-value natural resources: A blessing or a curse for peace? | p. 3 |
Part 1 Extraction and extractive industries | p. 19 |
Introduction | p. 21 |
Bankrupting peace spoilers: Can peacekeepers curtail belligerents' access to resource revenues? | p. 25 |
Mitigating risks and realizing opportunities: Environmental and social standards for foreign direct investment in high-value natural resources | p. 49 |
Contract renegotiation and asset recovery in post-conflict settings | p. 69 |
Reopening and developing mines in post-conflict settings: The challenge of company-community relations | p. 87 |
Diamonds in war, diamonds for peace: Diamond sector management and kimberlite mining in Sierra Leone | p. 121 |
Assigned corporate social responsibility in a rentier state: The case of Angola | p. 147 |
Part 2 Commodity and revenue tracking | p. 155 |
Introduction | p. 157 |
The Kimberley Process at ten: Reflections on a decade of efforts to end the trade in conflict diamonds | p. 159 |
The Kimberley Process Certification Scheme: A model negotiation? | p. 181 |
The Kimberley Process Certification Scheme: The primary safeguard for the diamond industry | p. 189 |
A more formal engagement: A constructive critique of certification as a means of preventing conflict and building peace | p. 195 |
Addressing the roots of Liberia's conflict through the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative | p. 201 |
Excluding illegal timber and improving forest governance: The European Union's Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade initiative | p. 211 |
Part 3 Revenue distribution | p. 221 |
Introduction | p. 223 |
Sharing natural resource wealth during war-to-peace transitions | p. 225 |
Horizontal inequality, decentralizing the distribution of natural resource revenues, and peace | p. 251 |
The Diamond Area Community Development Fund: Micropolitics and community-led development in post-war Sierra Leone | p. 261 |
Direct distribution of natural resource revenues as a policy for peacebuilding | p. 275 |
Part 4 Allocation and institution building | p. 291 |
Introduction | p. 293 |
High-value natural resources, development, and conflict: Channels of causation | p. 297 |
Petroleum blues: The political economy of resources and conflict in Chad | p. 313 |
Leaveraging high-value natural resources to restore the rule of law: The role of the Liberia Forest Initiative in Liberia's transition to stability | p. 337 |
Forest resources and peacebuilding: Preliminary lessons from Liberia and Sierra Leone | p. 367 |
An inescapable curse? Resource management, violent conflict, and peacebuilding in the Niger Delta | p. 391 |
The legal framework for managing oil in post-conflict Iraq: A pattern of abuse and violence over natural resources | p. 413 |
The capitalist civil peace: Some theory and empirical evidence | p. 437 |
Part 5 Livelihoods | p. 461 |
Introduction | p. 463 |
Counternarcotics efforts and Afghan poppy farmers: Finding the right approach | p. 467 |
The Janus nature of opium poppy: A view from the field | p. 491 |
Peace through sustainable forest management in Asia: The USAID Forest Conflict Intiative | p. 503 |
Women in the artisanal and small-scale mining sector of the Democratic Republic of the Congo | p. 529 |
Forest user groups and peacebuilding in Nepal | p. 545 |
Lurking beneath the surface: Oil, environmental degradation, and armed conflict in Sudan | p. 563 |
Part 6 Lessons learned | |
Building or spoiling peace? Lessons from the management of high-value natural resources | p. 571 |
Appendices | p. 623 |
List of abbreviations | p. 623 |
Author biographies | p. 629 |
Table of contents for Post-conflict peace building and natural resource management | p. 641 |
Index | p. 657 |