Mineral admixtures in cement and concrete

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Title:

Personal Author:

Bapat, Jayant D.

Publication Information:

New York, NY. : Taylor & Francis, 2013.

Physical Description:

xxi, 290 p. : ill. ; 24 cm.

ISBN:

9781439817926

Abstract:

"Written for structural engineers, this book explains how micro-structurally engineered concrete can substantially enhance the durability and service life of concrete structures. The text addresses the sustainable development of cement and the construction industry and provides an understanding of the materials aspects of mineral admixtures and their positive impact on the hydration and durability of concrete in an effort to encourage greater utilization of other wastes in cement and concrete. The author explains the development of strength-giving chemical phases during hydration and the refinement of pore structure of concrete and consequent improvement in the strength and durability of concrete"--Provided by publisher

Subject Term:

Cement -- Additives

Concrete -- Additives

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Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
Searching... PSZ JB	30000010302506	TP884.A3 B37 2013	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown

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Summary

Written to meet the requirements of engineers working in construction and concrete manufacturing, Mineral Admixtures in Cement and Concrete focuses on how to make more workable and durable concrete using mineral admixtures. In particular, it covers pulverized fuel ash (PFA), blast furnace slag (BFS), silica fume (SF), rice husk ash (RHA), and metakaolin (MK), as well as some new admixtures currently under investigation.

For each mineral admixture, the book looks at manufacturing and processing, physical characteristics, chemical and mineralogical composition, quality control, and reported experiences. It also examines the provisions of national standards on the admixture's addition to cement and concrete. References to microstructures and chemistry are kept to a minimum and only discussed to the extent necessary to help readers apply the admixtures in practice.

The book also addresses hydration, presenting the relevant chemistry and detailing the impact of adding mineral admixtures to concrete. A chapter on strength and durability explains the mechanisms, models, and standards related to concrete deterioration and how to mitigate carbonation, alkali-aggregate reactions, chloride attack and corrosion of reinforcement, external and internal sulphate attack, decalcification, and freeze-thaw action.

This book is a useful reference for practicing engineers and students alike. It brings together, in one volume, information on the materials, hydration, and the strength and durability of cement and concrete with mineral admixtures. Offering a deeper understanding of mineral admixtures, it encourages engineers to more effectively use these and other wastes in cement and concrete to support more sustainable growth of the cement and construction industry.

Author Notes

Dr. Jayant D. Bapat, B.Tech., M.E., Ph.D. (IIT Delhi), currently works as an independent professional in sustainable engineering and higher education. He previously worked as principal and professor at the engineering colleges affiliated to the University of Pune, Maharashtra, India. He also held senior positions at the National Council for Cement and Building Materials (NCB), New Delhi, and Walchandnagar Industries Ltd. (WIL), Walchandnagar, Pune. He has about four decades of experience in teaching, research, and consultancy in the cement, concrete, and construction industry. He has a number of publications to his credit and is a reviewer of technical papers for international journals. His research areas of interest are cement manufacturing, durability of concrete, and utilization of industrial and agricultural wastes in building materials.

List of Abbreviations	p. xiii
Preface	p. xvii
Acknowledgments	p. xix
Author	p. xxi
1 Pulverized Fuel Ash	p. 1
1.1 Introduction	p. 1
1.2 Classification	p. 4
1.3 Physical Characteristics	p. 5
1.3.1 Particle Shape	p. 6
1.3.2 Particle Specific Gravity	p. 8
1.3.3 Particle Size and Fineness	p. 9
1.3.4 Color	p. 10
1.3.5 Unburned Carbon	p. 11
1.4 Chemical and Mineralogical Composition	p. 11
1.5 Characteristics of PFA Produced in Fluidized Bed Combustion Process	p. 14
1.6 Characteristics of PFA Produced after Co-Combustion of Bituminous Coal and Petcoke	p. 15
1.7 Leaching Characteristics	p. 17
1.8 Radioactivity, Toxicity, and Occupational Health	p. 19
1.9 Processing for Quality Improvement and Assurance	p. 21
1.9.1 Collection	p. 21
1.9.2 Physical Treatment	p. 22
1.9.3 Ultrafine PFA	p. 24
1.9.4 Chemical Activation	p. 25
1.10 Processing of Unusable PFA	p. 25
1.10.1 Principal Barriers in PFA Utilization	p. 26
1.10.2 Processing of PFA with High Unburned Carbon	p. 27
1.10.2.1 Physical Separation	p. 27
1.10.2.2 Combustion	p. 31
1.11 Quality Control	p. 32
1.12 Addition of PFA to Cement and Concrete	p. 33
1.13 Summary	p. 36
2 Blast Furnace Slag	p. 41
2.1 Introduction	p. 41
2.2 Granulation of BFS	p. 42
2.2.1 Granulation Process	p. 43
2.2.2 Physical Characteristics of Granulated BFS	p. 45
2.3 Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag	p. 45
2.3.1 Moisture Reduction and Grinding	p. 46
2.3.2 Particle Size and Size Distribution	p. 49
2.4 Chemical and Mineralogical Composition of Cementitious BFS	p. 50
2.5 Quality Control	p. 53
2.6 Addition of BFS and GGBS to Cement and Concrete	p. 54
2.7 Quantitative Determination of Blast Furnace Slag in Cement	p. 57
2.8 Summary	p. 57
3 Silica Fume	p. 61
3.1 Introduction	p. 61
3.2 Types of Silica Fume	p. 62
3.3 Physical Characteristics	p. 64
3.3.1 Particle Size and Size Distribution	p. 64
3.3.2 Specific Gravity and Bulk Density	p. 65
3.3.3 Specific Surface	p. 66
3.4 Chemical and Mineralogical Composition	p. 66
3.5 Toxicity and Occupational Health	p. 68
3.6 Quality Control	p. 69
3.7 Addition of SF to Cement and Concrete	p. 70
3.8 Summary	p. 72
4 Rice Husk Ash	p. 75
4.1 Introduction	p. 75
4.2 Relevance of RHA for the Sustainability of Construction Industry	p. 76
4.3 Rice Husk	p. 77
4.4 Production	p. 78
4.4.1 Characteristics of RH Combustion	p. 79
4.4.2 Modern Methods to Produce Pozzolanic RHA	p. 81
4.4.2.1 Fluidized Bed Process for Large-Scale Production of Rice Husk Ash	p. 82
4.4.2.2 Annular Oven Process for Small-Scale Production of Rice Husk Ash	p. 83
4.5 Physical and Chemical Characteristics	p. 84
4.6 Addition of RHA to Cement and Concrete	p. 87
4.7 Summary	p. 88
5 Metakaolin	p. 91
5.1 Introduction	p. 91
5.2 Production	p. 93
5.2.1 Thermal Activation of Kaolin	p. 94
5.2.2 Mechanical Activation of Kaolin	p. 97
5.2.3 Calcination of Waste Paper Sludge	p. 98
5.3 Physical and Chemical Characteristics	p. 98
5.4 Quality Control	p. 101
5.5 Addition of Metakaolin to Cement and Concrete	p. 101
5.6 Summary	p. 104
6 Hydration	p. 107
6.1 Introduction	p. 107
6.2 Progress of Hydration with Time (Hydration Periods)	p. 108
6.2.1 Workability Period	p. 109
6.2.2 Setting Period or Stage III: Active Reaction Period	p. 110
6.2.3 Hardening Period	p. 110
6.3 Reactants in Hydration Process	p. 111
6.3.1 Reactive Compounds in Cement Clinker	p. 111
6.3.1.1 Tricalciumsilicate	p. 113
6.3.1.2 Dicalciumsilicate	p. 114
6.3.1.3 Tricalciumaluminate	p. 115
6.3.1.4 Tetracalciumaluminoferrite	p. 116
6.3.2 Calcium Sulfate (Gypsum)	p. 116
6.3.3 Reactive Compounds in Mineral Admixtures	p. 118
6.3.4 Calcium Hydroxide	p. 120
6.4 Voids in Hydrated Cement Paste	p. 122
6.5 Interrelation of the Hydration Properties of Cement and Concrete	p. 122
6.6 Properties of Concrete during Early Stages of Hydration	p. 124
6.6.1 Workability	p. 124
6.6.2 Yield Stress and Viscosity	p. 124
6.6.3 Bleeding and Laitance	p. 125
6.6.4 Setting Time	p. 126
6.6.5 Concrete Temperature	p. 126
6.6.6 Volume Changes	p. 127
6.7 Hydration Reactions and Changes in Early-Age Concrete Properties	p. 128
6.7.1 Hydration Reactions of Cementitious Materials other than Portland Cement	p. 128
6.7.2 Hydration Reactions of Portland Cement	p. 129
6.7.2.1 C-S-H: The Principal Reaction Product and the Strength-Giving Phase	p. 130
6.7.2.2 Major Reactions Occurring in the Workability Period	p. 132
6.7.2.3 Major Reactions Occurring in the Setting Period	p. 134
6.7.2.4 Major Reactions Occuring in the Hardening Period	p. 135
6.7.2.5 Hydration of Alite (C3S) and Belite (C2S) Compared	p. 136
6.7.3 Hydration Reactions of Cement with Mineral Admixtures	p. 137
6.7.3.1 Hydration of Cement with Pulverized Fuel Ash	p. 137
6.7.3.2 Hydration of Cement with Blast Furnace Slag	p. 140
6.7.3.3 Hydration of Cement with Silica Fume	p. 141
6.7.3.4 Hydration of Cement with Rice Husk Ash	p. 142
6.7.3.5 Hydration of Cement with Metakaolin	p. 142
6.8 Summary	p. 143
7 Strength and Durability	p. 149
7.1 Introduction	p. 149
7.2 Designing Structures for Strength and Durability	p. 151
7.2.1 Prescriptive Approach	p. 153
7.2.2 Performance-Based Approach	p. 153
7.3 Concrete Strength	p. 154
7.3.1 Interfacial Transition Zone	p. 155
7.3.2 High-Performance Concrete	p. 156
7.3.3 Importance of Concrete Curing	p. 158
7.4 Mechanisms, Models, Standards, and Mitigation of Concrete Deterioration	p. 159
7.4.1 Carbonation	p. 161
7.4.1.1 Mechanism of Carbonation	p. 161
7.4.1.2 Mathematical Models for Carbonation	p. 162
7.4.1.3 National Standards and Guidelines on Carbonation	p. 166
7.4.1.4 Mitigation of Carbonation	p. 167
7.4.2 Alkali-Aggregate Reactions	p. 168
7.4.2.1 Mechanisms of AAR	p. 169
7.4.2.2 Mathematical Models for AAR	p. 175
7.4.2.3 National Standards and Guidelines on AAR	p. 177
7.4.2.4 Mitigation and Management of AAR	p. 178
7.4.3 Chloride Attack and Corrosion of Reinforcement	p. 182
7.4.3.1 Mechanism of Chloride Corrosion	p. 183
7.4.3.2 Mathematical Models for Chloride Attack	p. 187
7.4.3.3 National Standards and Guidelines on Chloride Corrosion	p. 189
7.4.3.4 Mitigation of Chloride Corrosion	p. 192
7.4.4 External Sulfate Attack	p. 194
7.4.4.1 Mechanisms of External Sulfate Attack	p. 195
7.4.4.2 Mathematical Models for External Sulfate Attack	p. 199
7.4.4.3 National Standards and Guidelines on External Sulfate Attack	p. 201
7.4.4.4 Mitigation of External Sulfate Attack	p. 203
7.4.5 Internal Sulfate Attack or Delayed Ettringite Formation	p. 206
7.4.6 Decalcification or Leaching	p. 207
7.4.7 Frost or Freeze-Thaw Action	p. 208
7.5 Durability Indices for Performance-Based Design of Structures	p. 210
7.6 Sustainable Cement and Concrete	p. 212
7.7 Summary	p. 216
8 New Mineral Admixtures	p. 221
8.1 Introduction	p. 221
8.2 Biomass Combustion Ash	p. 221
8.2.1 Corn Cob Ash	p. 222
8.2.2 Palm Oil Residue Ash	p. 223
8.2.3 Sugarcane Bagasse Ash	p. 225
8.2.4 Wheat Straw Ash	p. 225
8.2.5 Wood Waste Ash	p. 227
8.3 Calcined Wastepaper Sludge	p. 229
8.4 Electric-Arc Furnace Dust	p. 232
8.5 Sewage Sludge Ash	p. 233
8.6 Municipal Solid Waste Ash	p. 233
8.7 Summary	p. 236
References	p. 239
Index	p. 285

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