Thermodynamics and energy systems analysis : solved problems and exercises

This book illustrates the basic concepts of phenomenological thermodynamics and how to move from theory to practice by considering problems in the fields of thermodynamics and energy-systems analysis. Many subjects are handled from an energetics or exergetics angle: calorimeters, evaporators, condensers, flow meters, sub or supersonic nozzles, ejectors, compressors, pumps, turbines, combustion processes, heaters, smoke stacks, cooling towers, motors, turbo-reactors, heat pumps, air conditioning, thermo-electrical generators, energy storage, and more.

Author Notes

Lucien Borel graduated in mechanical engineering from the Ecole Polytechrdque of Lausanne in 1950. He then worked in Swiss industry before his nomination in 1954 as professor of thermodynamics at the same school that became the EPPL in 1969. He directed the Laboratory of Thermodynamics and Energetics, contributing to research in thermodynamics, turbomachines and energy systems analyses until 1988.
Daniel Favrat graduated from the EPFL in mechanical engineering in 1972, followed by a Ph.D. in 1976. After 12 years working in industrial research centers in Canada and Switzerland, he became professor and director of the Industrial Energy Systems Laboratory at the EPFL in 1988. His primary fields of research and teaching include the thermodynamics and optimization of energy systems, and the design of advanced energy technologies. He is a member of the Swiss Academy of Engineering Sciences, of the French Academy of Technology and vice-chair of the energy committee of the World Federation of Engineering Organizations. He is a member of the editorial board of several journals, including Energy and the International Journal of Thermodynamics.
Dinh Lan Nguyen and Magdi Batato work in industry after having received their mechanical engineering masters and Ph.D. degrees from the EPFL.

Preface	p. v
Tribute to a great thermodynamicist Professor Lucien Borel	p. vii
Chapter 1 Generalities and fundamental laws	p. 1
1.A Cooling of a copper piece	p. 1
1.B Shock of a container against a wall	p. 3
1.C Work transfer relative to a closed system	p. 6
1.D Mechanical power of a steam turbine	p. 7
1.E Water power brake	p. 9
1.F Irreversibility in a cooled compressor	p. 10
1.G Irreversibility in a heat transmitter (heat exchanger)	p. 12
1.H Cooling at constant pressure	p. 14
1.I Oxidation of glucose	p. 15
1.J Work and heat transfer relative to a closed system	p. 16
1.K Car battery	p. 17
1.L Slowing down of a car	p. 17
1.M Irreversibility during heating	p. 18
Chapter 2 Closed systems and general thermodynamic relations	p. 21
2.A Polytropic compression	p. 21
2.B Thermal factors	p. 23
2.C Polytropic factor	p. 24
2.D Isochoric specific heat	p. 26
2.E Entropy change of a gas	p. 27
2.F Enthalpy and entropy changes of a liquid	p. 29
2.G Shock of a sphere in freefall	p. 31
2.H Fundamental relations between state functions	p. 33
2.I Compression of oxygen according to different paths	p. 35
2.J Compression of air under different conditions	p. 39
2.K Filling of a bottle	p. 45
2.L Expansion without dissipation	p. 46
2.M Experiment of Torricelli	p. 47
2.N Relations of Maxwell	p. 48
2.O Isothermal compression	p. 49
Chapter 3 Balances of extensive entities	p. 51
3.A Water dispenser	p. 51
3.B Weighing of a receiver with flows	p. 52
3.C Mixture of two liquid jets	p. 54
3.D Emptying of a reservoir	p. 56
3.E Propulsion of a boat	p. 59
3.F Launch of a rocket	p. 60
3.G Pipe link	p. 62
3.H Reaction force on a bent pipeline	p. 63
3.I Thrust of a turboreactor	p. 65
Chapter 4 Open systems in steady-state operation	p. 67
4.A Stack of a thermal power plant	p. 67
4.B Central heating plant of a building	p. 70
4.C Inflating the tube of a tire	p. 74
4.D Supercharging system of a Diesel engine	p. 77
4.E Radial compressor	p. 79
4.F Inlet diffuser of a turboreactor	p. 84
4.G Pitot tube	p. 86
4.H Flow in a channel of constant section	p. 88
4.I Flow in a simple nozzle	p. 90
4.J Flow in a Laval nozzle	p. 93
4.K Curtis turbine	p. 95
4.L Single- or multi-stage compression	p. 101
4.M Expansion in a turbine	p. 103
4.N Compression system	p. 106
4.O Prandtl tube	p. 107
4.P Dimensioning of a Laval nozzle	p. 108
4.Q Mass flow measurement with an orifice	p. 109
Chapter 5 Thermodynamic properties of matter	p. 111
5.A State function of a perfect gas	p. 111
5.B Experiment of Gay-Lussac-Joule	p. 113
5.C Joule-Thomson expansion	p. 115
5.D Irreversible expansion of a perfect gas	p. 119
5.E Reversible expansions of a perfect gas	p. 123
5.F Work relative to an isothermal expansion	p. 127
5.G Isochoric heating of water	p. 130
5.H Equations of state	p. 131
5.1 Fusion by compression	p. 134
5.J Calorific measurements	p. 136
5.K Ejector	p. 140
5.L Joule-Thomson expansion of water (in liquid phase)	p. 147
5.M Kinetic theory of gases	p. 149
5.N Earth atmosphere	p. 150
5.O Equilibrium of a balloon	p. 151
5.P Isobaric heating and partial vaporisation of water	p. 152
5.Q Isochoric heating and isobaric cooling of a perfect gas	p. 154
5.R Heat of vaporisation	p. 155
Chapter 6 Mixture of ideal or perfect gases	p. 157
6.A Characteristics of a town gas	p. 157
6.B Compression of a mixture of nitrogen and of argon	p. 159
6.C Heating and compression of combustion gas	p. 161
6.D Mixture of gas flowing in a thermal energy transmitter (heat exchanger)	p. 163
6.E Mixture of nitrogen and carbon dioxide, in a hermetic enclosure	p. 165
6.F Fabrication of synthetic air	p. 168
6.G Expansions and mixing of gases	p. 172
6.H Change of the concentrations of a mixture of nitrogen and of carbon dioxide	p. 176
6.1 Mixing of air and of methane, in steady-state operation	p. 178
6.J Characteristics of a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen	p. 180
6.K Characteristics of a gas of a blast furnace	p. 181
6.L Compression of a mixture of ethane and air	p. 182
6.M Change of the composition and compression of a mixture of ethane and propane	p. 183
6.N Introduction of nitrogen in a reservoir of hydrogen	p. 185
6.O Conditioning of fumes for drying	p. 186
Chapter 7 Mixtures of a gas with a condensable substance	p. 189
7.A Mixture of two mixtures	p. 189
7.B Wet cooling tower	p. 192
7.C Humidification of the air of a room	p. 195
7.D Condensation on a wall	p. 198
7.E Paraisothermal compressor	p. 200
7.F Drying of a product	p. 205
7.G Air conditioning of an indoor swimming pool	p. 209
7.H Air conditioning of an office in summer	p. 216
7.I State of the air in a room	p. 222
7.J Characteristics of atmospheric air	p. 224
7.K Cooling of air by humidification	p. 225
7.L Cold room	p. 226
7.M Air conditioning of an office in winter	p. 227
Chapter 8 Thermodynamic processes and diagrams	p. 231
8.A Adiabatic expansion of an ideal gas	p. 231
8.B Emptying of a compressed air tank	p. 233
8.C Feeding a start-up turbine	p. 235
8.D Expansion of steam in a turbine	p. 238
8.E Phase change of water	p. 241
8.F Displacement of a piston by expansion of a gas	p. 244
8.G Processes relative to the expansion of helium	p. 247
8.H Theoretical cycle of a hot air engine	p. 251
8.I Theoretical cycle of -a Diesel engine	p. 256
8.J Typical thermodynamic processes	p. 261
8.K Condensation of a refrigerant	p. 264
8.L Phase change of carbon dioxide	p. 265
8.M Production of compressed air	p. 267
8.N Processes during a cycle	p. 268
Chapter 9 Simple examples of application of the First and Second Laws	p. 271
9.A Process of conversion from mechanical energy to internal energy (experiment of Joule)	p. 271
9.B Expansion without transfer of mechanical energy (experiment of Gay-Lussac-Joule)	p. 271
9.C Expansion with transfer of mechanical energy	p. 272
9.D Energy conversion processes	p. 273
9.E Evolution of a heterogeneous system	p. 273
9.F Heat transfer between two bodies	p. 274
Chapter 10 Energy and exergy analyses (thermomechanical processes)	p. 275
10.A Reheater of a nuclear power plant	p. 275
10.B Cold room of a refrigeration plant	p. 277
10.C Condenser of a steam power plant	p. 281
10.D Open and closed feedwater reheaters	p. 284
10.E High pressure turbine of the power plant of Leibstadt	p. 287
10.F Paraisothermal compressor of a refrigeration plant	p. 289
10.G Cooled compressor	p. 293
10.H Liquid air production plant	p. 296
10.I Cost of energy relative to a cogeneration plant	p. 303
10.J Ejector	p. 307
10.K Expansion without work transfer (Experiment of Gay-Lussac-Joule)	p. 309
10.L Flow in an orifice	p. 310
10.M Heat transfer between two parts	p. 310
10.N Isochoric mixture of two gases	p. 311
10.O Mixing of several gases, in steady-state conditions	p. 312
10.P Isochoric heating	p. 313
10.Q Isobaric heating	p. 314
10.R Heating under steady-state conditions	p. 315
10.S Thermal energy storage	p. 316
Chapter 11 Combustion	p. 319
11.A Combustion of a light oil	p. 319
11.B Incomplete combustion of heavy oil	p. 321
11.C Combustion of natural gas	p. 327
11.D Dewpoint of combustion gases	p. 333
11.E Combustion chamber of a thermal power plant	p. 335
11.F Industrial steam boiler	p. 339
11.G Cooling and diffusion of a plume of combustion gas in the atmosphere	p. 347
11.H Gasoline engine	p. 351
11.1 Incomplete combustion	p. 353
11.J Turboreactor of a airplane	p. 357
11.K Liquid fuel for a steam boiler	p. 362
11.L Bomb calorimeter	p. 363
11.M Influence of the reference conditions on the heating value	p. 365
11.N Characteristics of a liquid fuel	p. 366
11.O Combustion of hexane	p. 367
11.P Combustion chamber of a gas plant	p. 367
11.Q Thermal losses of a combustion chamber	p. 368
Chapter 12 Examples of application of chapter 10 and 11	p. 371
12.A Combustion chamber	p. 371
12.B Steam boiler	p. 372
12.C Internal combustion engine	p. 376
Chapter 13 Thermodynamic cycles	p. 379
13.A Beau-de-Rochas or Otto cycle	p. 379
13.B Stirling cycle	p. 383
13.C Ericsson's pseudo-cycle	p. .386
13.D Cycle of a hot air engine	p. 388
13.E Simple Diesel cycle	p. 391
13.F Brayton cycle	p. 394
13.G Rankine cycle	p. 400
13.H Turboreactor cycle	p. 402
13.1 Reversed Brayton cycle	p. 409
13.J Carnot cycle	p. 412
13.K Improved Diesel cycle	p. 413
13.L Statoreactor cycle	p. 415
13.M Superposed thermopump cycles	p. 418
13.N Reversed pseudo-Stirling cycle	p. 419
13.O Reversed pseudo-Ericsson cycle	p. 421
13.P Comparative study of theoretical power cycles	p. 422
13.Q Comparative study of theoretical thermopump cycles	p. 424
13.R Comparative study of theoretical frigopump cycles	p. 426
13.S Study of theoretical cogeneration cycles	p. 428
Chapter 14 Applications: Examples from Chapters 10 to 13	p. 431
14.A Atmospheric cooling of a condenser	p. 431
14.B Industrial open cycle gas turbine	p. 435
14.C Gas-steam combined cycle plant	p. 447
14.D Closed cycle gas turbine, with two shaft lines	p. 451
14.E System of compression thermopump (heating heat pump system)	p. 456
14.F Compression frigopump system (cooling heat-pump system)	p. 462
14.G Liquid helium production plant	p. 469
14.H Turbocompression frigopump system	p. 475
14.1 Simple steam power plant	p. 480
14.J Steam cycle with reheat	p. 481
14.K Steam power plant, with extraction	p. 481
14.L Steam power plant, in quasi-steady-state operation	p. 482
14.M Cogeneration steam power plant	p. 483
14.N Open cycle gas turbine	p. 484
14.O Thermopump plant with a semi-hermetic compressor	p. 487
14.P Frigopump system with subcooler	p. 490
Chapter 15 Linear thermodynamics of irreversible phenomena	p. 495
15.A Source of entropy in a bar	p. 495
15.B Thermocouple	p. 497
15.C Thermoelectric generator	p. 499
15.D Thermoelectric module	p. 506
15.E Thermoelectric thermopump	p. 512

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