The internet of things : key applications and protocols

An all-in-one reference to the major Home Area Networking, Building Automation and AMI protocols, including 802.15.4 over radio or PLC, 6LowPAN/RPL, ZigBee 1.0 and Smart Energy 2.0, Zwave, LON, BACNet, KNX, ModBus, mBus, C.12 and DLMS/COSEM, and the new ETSI M2M system level standard. In-depth coverage of Smart-grid and EV charging use cases.

This book describes the Home Area Networking, Building Automation and AMI protocols and their evolution towards open protocols based on IP such as 6LowPAN and ETSI M2M. The authors discuss the approach taken by service providers to interconnect the protocols and solve the challenge of massive scalability of machine-to-machine communication for mission-critical applications, based on the next generation machine-to-machine ETSI M2M architecture. The authors demonstrate, using the example of the smartgrid use case, how the next generation utilities, by interconnecting and activating our physical environment, will be able to deliver more energy (notably for electric vehicles) with less impact on our natural resources.

Key Features:

Offers a comprehensive overview of major existing M2M and AMI protocols Covers the system aspects of large scale M2M and smart grid applications Focuses on system level architecture, interworking, and nationwide use cases Explores recent emerging technologies: 6LowPAN, ZigBee SE 2.0 and ETSI M2M, and for existing technologies covers recent developments related to interworking Relates ZigBee to the issue of smartgrid, in the more general context of carrier grade M2M applications Illustrates the benefits of the smartgrid concept based on real examples, including business cases

This book will be a valuable guide for project managers working on smartgrid, M2M, telecommunications and utility projects, system engineers and developers, networking companies, and home automation companies. It will also be of use to senior academic researchers, students, and policy makers and regulators.

Author Notes

Olivier Hersent, Consultant, France Olivier Hersent was the founder of NetCentrex and former CTO of Comverse Inc., and previously worked as an R&D Engineer at Orange/France Telecom. He studied finance, quantum physics and psychology at the Ecole Polytechnique from 1991-1994. Hersent is now an independent consultant.

David Boswarthick, ETSI, France David has been extensively involved in the standardization activities of mobile, fixed and convergent networks in both the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) and the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) for over 10 years. He is currently involved in the M2M standards group which is defining an end to end architecture and requirements for multiple M2M applications including Smart Metering, healthcare and enhanced home living. David holds a Maste's Degree in Networks and Distributed systems from the University of Nice and Sophia Antipolis, France.

Omar Elloumi, Alcatel-Lucent, France Omar is currently a standardization manager at Alcatel-Lucent. He received his degree in Engineering from Université de Rennes.

List of Acronyms	p. xv
Introduction	p. xxiii
Part I M2M Area Network Physical Layers
1 IEEE 802.15.4	p. 3
1.1 The IEEE 802 Committee Family of Protocols	p. 3
1.2 The Physical Layer	p. 3
1.2.1 Interferences with Other Technologies	p. 5
1.2.2 Choice of a 802.15.4 Communication Channel, Energy Detection, Link Quality Information	p. 7
1.2.3 Sending a Data Frame	p. 8
1.3 The Media-Access Control Layer	p. 8
1.3.1 802.15.4 Reduced Function and Full Function Devices, Coordinators, and the PAN Coordinator	p. 9
1.3.2 Association	p. 12
1.3.3 802.15.4 Addresses	p. 13
1.3.4 802.15.4 Frame Format	p. 13
1.3.5 Security	p. 14
1.4 Uses of 802.15.4	p. 16
1.5 The Future of 802.15.4: 802.15.4e and 802.15.4g	p. 17
1.5.1 802.15.4e	p. 17
1.5.2 802.15.4g	p. 21
2 Powerline Communication for M2M Applications	p. 23
2.1 Overview of PLC Technologies	p. 23
2.2 PLC Landscape	p. 23
2.2.1 The Historical Period (1950û2000)	p. 24
2.2.2 After Year 2000: The Maturity of PLC	p. 24
2.3 Powerline Communication: A Constrained Media	p. 27
2.3.1 Powerline is a Difficult Channel	p. 27
2.3.2 Regulation Limitations	p. 27
2.3.3 Power Consumption	p. 32
2.3.4 Lossy Network	p. 33
2.3.5 Powerline is a Shared Media and Coexistence is not an Optional Feature	p. 35
2.4 The Ideal PLC System for M2M	p. 37
2.4.1 Openness and Availability	p. 38
2.4.2 Range	p. 38
2.4.3 Power Consumption	p. 38
2.4.4 Data Rate	p. 39
2.4.5 Robustness	p. 39
2.4.6 EMC Regulatory Compliance	p. 40
2.4.7 Coexistence	p. 40
2.4.8 Security	p. 40
2.4.9 Latency	p. 40
2.4.10 Interoperability with M2M Wireless Services	p. 40
2.5 Conclusion	p. 40
References	p. 41
Part II Legacy M2M Protocols for Sensor Networks, Building Automation and Home Automation
3 The BACnetTM Protocol	p. 45
3.1 Standardization	p. 45
3.1.1 United States	p. 46
3.1.2 Europe	p. 46
3.1.3 Interworking	p. 46
3.2 Technology	p. 46
3.2.1 Physical Layer	p. 47
3.2.2 Link Layer	p. 47
3.2.3 Network Layer	p. 47
3.2.4 Transport and Session Layers	p. 49
3.2.5 Presentation and Application Layers	p. 49
3.3 BACnet Security	p. 55
3.4 BACnet Over Web Services (Annex N, Annex H6)	p. 55
3.4.1 The Generic WS Model	p. 56
3.4.2 BACnet/WS Services	p. 58
3.4.3 The Web Services Profile for BACnet Objects	p. 59
3.4.4 Future Improvements	p. 59
4 The LonWorks R Control Networking Platform	p. 61
4.1 Standardization	p. 61
4.1.1 United States of America	p. 61
4.1.2 Europe	p. 62
4.1.3 China	p. 62
4.2 Technology	p. 62
4.2.1 Physical Layer	p. 63
4.2.2 Link Layer	p. 64
4.2.3 Network Layer	p. 65
4.2.4 Transport Layer	p. 66
4.2.5 Session Layer	p. 67
4.2.6 Presentation Layer	p. 67
4.2.7 Application Layer	p. 71
4.3 Web Services Interface for LonWorks Networks: Echelon SmartServer	p. 72
4.4 A REST Interface for LonWorks	p. 73
4.4.1 LonBridge REST Transactions	p. 74
4.4.2 Requests	p. 74
4.4.3 Responses	p. 75
4.4.4 LonBridge REST Resources	p. 75
5 ModBus	p. 79
5.1 Introduction	p. 79
5.2 ModBus Standardization	p. 80
5.3 ModBus Message Framing and Transmission Modes	p. 80
5.4 ModBus/TCP	p. 81
6 KNX	p. 83
6.1 The Konnex/KNX Association	p. 83
6.2 Standardization	p. 83
6.3 KNX Technology Overview	p. 84
6.3.1 Physical Layer	p. 84
6.3.2 Data Link and Routing Layers, Addressing	p. 87
6.3.3 Transport Layer	p. 89
6.3.4 Application Layer	p. 89
6.3.5 KNX Devices, Functional Blocks and Interworking	p. 89
6.4 Device Configuration	p. 92
7 ZigBee	p. 93
7.1 Development of the Standard	p. 93
7.2 ZigBee Architecture	p. 94
7.2.1 ZigBee and 802.15.4	p. 94
7.2.2 ZigBee Protocol Layers	p. 94
7.2.3 ZigBee Node Types	p. 96
7.3 Association	p. 96
7.3.1 Forming a Network	p. 96
7.3.2 Joining a Parent Node in a Network Using 802.15.4 Association	p. 97
7.3.3 Using NWK Rejoin	p. 99
7.4 The ZigBee Network Layer	p. 99
7.4.1 Short-Address Allocation	p. 99
7.4.2 Network Layer Frame Format	p. 100
7.4.3 Packet Forwarding	p. 101
7.4.4 Routing Support Primitives	p. 101
7.4.5 Routing Algorithms	p. 102
7.5 The ZigBee APS Layer	p. 105
7.5.1 Endpoints, Descriptors	p. 106
7.5.2 The APS Frame	p. 106
7.6 The ZigBee Device Object (ZDO) and the ZigBee Device Profile (ZDP)	p. 109
7.6.1 ZDP Device and Service Discovery Services (Mandatory)	p. 109
7.6.2 ZDP Network Management Services (Mandatory)	p. 110
7.6.3 ZDP Binding Management Services (Optional)	p. 111
7.6.4 Group Management	p. 111
7.7 ZigBee Security	p. 111
7.7.1 ZigBee and 802.15.4 Security	p. 111
7.7.2 Key Types	p. 113
7.7.3 The Trust Center	p. 114
7.7.4 The ZDO Permissions Table	p. 116
7.8 The ZigBee Cluster Library (ZCL)	p. 116
7.8.1 Cluster	p. 116
7.8.2 Attributes	p. 117
7.8.3 Commands	p. 117
7.8.4 ZCL Frame	p. 117
7.9 ZigBee Application Profiles	p. 119
7.9.1 The Home Automation (HA) Application Profile	p. 119
7.9.2 ZigBee Smart Energy 1.0 (ZSE or AMI)	p. 122
7.10 The ZigBee Gateway Specification for Network Devices	p. 129
7.10.1 The ZGD	p. 130
7.10.2 GRIP Binding	p. 131
7.10.3 SOAP Binding	p. 132
7.10.4 REST Binding	p. 132
7.10.5 Example IPHAûZGD Interaction Using the REST Binding	p. 134
Z-Wave	p. 139
History and Management of the Protocol	p. 139
The Z-Wave Protocol	p. 140
Overview	p. 140
Z-Wave Node Types	p. 140
RF and MAC Layers	p. 142
Transfer Layer	p. 143
Routing Layer	p. 145
Application Layer	p. 148
Legacy M2M Protocols for Utility Metering
M-Bus and Wireless M-Bus	p. 155
Development of the Standard	p. 155
M-Bus Architecture	p. 156
Physical Layer	p. 156
Link Layer	p. 156
Network Layer	p. 157
Application Layer	p. 158
Wireless M-Bus	p. 160
Physical Layer	p. 160
Data-Link Layer	p. 162
Application Layer	p. 162
Security	p. 163
The ANSI C12 Suite	p. 165
Introduction	p. 165
C12.19: The C12 Data Model	p. 166
The Read and Write Minimum Services	p. 167
Some Remarkable C12.19 Tables	p. 167
C12.18: Basic Point-to-Point Communication Over an Optical Port	p. 168
C12.21: An Extension of C12.18 for Modem Communication	p. 169
Interactions with the Data-Link Layer	p. 170
Modifications and Additions to C12.19 Tables	p. 171
C12.22: C12.19 Tables Transport Over Any Networking Communication System	p. 171
Reference Topology and Network Elements	p. 171
C12.22 Node to C12.22 Network Communications	p. 173
C12.22 Device to C12.22 Communication Module Interface	p. 174
C12.19 Updates	p. 176
Other Parts of ANSI C12 Protocol Suite	p. 176
RFC 6142: C12.22 Transport Over an IP Network	p. 176
REST-Based Interfaces to C12.19	p. 177
DLMS/COSEM	p. 179
DLMS Standardization	p. 179
The DLMS UA	p. 179
DLMS/COSEM, the Colored Books	p. 179
DLMS Standardization in IEC	p. 180
The COSEM Data Model	p. 181
The Object Identification System (OBIS)	p. 182
The DLMS/COSEM Interface Classes	p. 184
Data-Storage ICs	p. 185
Association ICs	p. 185
Time- and Event-Bound ICs	p. 186
Communication Setup Channel Objects	p. 186
Accessing COSEM Interface Objects	p. 186
The Application Association Concept	p. 186
The DLMS/COSEM Communication Framework	p. 187
The Data Communication Services of COSEM Application Layer	p. 189
End-to-End Security in the DLMS/COSEM Approach	p. 191
Access Control Security	p. 191
Data-Transport Security	p. 192
The Next Generation: Ip-Based Protocols
6LoWPAN and RPL	p. 195
Overview	p. 195
What is 6LoWPAN? 6LoWPAN and RPL Standardization	p. 195
Overview of the 6LoWPAN Adaptation Layer	p. 196
Mesh Addressing Header	p. 197
Fragment Header	p. 198
IPv6 Compression Header	p. 198
Context-Based Compression: IPHC	p. 200
RPL	p. 202
RPL Control Messages	p. 204
Construction of the DODAG and Upward Routes	p. 204
Downward Routes, Multicast Membership	p. 206
Packet Routing	p. 207
RPL Security	p. 208
ZigBee Smart Energy 2.0	p. 209
REST Overview	p. 209
Uniform Interfaces, REST Resources and Resource Identifiers	p. 209
REST Verbs	p. 210
Other REST Constraints, and What is REST After All?	p. 211
ZigBee SEP 2.0 Overview	p. 212
ZigBee IP	p. 213
ZigBee SEP 2.0 Resources	p. 214
Function Sets and Device Types	p. 217
Base Function Set	p. 218
Group Enrollment	p. 221
Meter	p. 223
Pricing	p. 223
Demand Response and Load Control Function Set	p. 224
Distributed Energy Resources	p. 227
Plug-In Electric Vehicle	p. 227
Messaging	p. 230
Registration	p. 231
ZigBee SE 2.0 Security	p. 232
Certificates	p. 232
IP Level Security	p. 232
Application-Level Security	p. 235
The ETSI M2M Architecture	p. 237
Introduction to ETSI TC M2M	p. 237
System Architecture	p. 238
High-Level Architecture	p. 238
Reference Points	p. 239
Service Capabilities	p. 240
ETSI M2M SCL Resource Structure	p. 242
SCL Resources	p. 244
Application Resources	p. 244
Access Right Resources	p. 248
Container Resources	p. 248
Group Resources	p. 250
Subscription and Notification Channel Resources	p. 251
ETSI M2M Interactions Overview	p. 252
Security in the ETSI M2M Framework	p. 252
Key Management	p. 252
Access Lists	p. 254
Interworking with Machine Area Networks	p. 255
Mapping M2M Networks to ETSI M2M Resources	p. 256

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Author Notes

Table of Contents