Smart technologies

This book is a general introduction to intelligent or smart materials, systems and machines. Presented in understandable and non-mathematical terms, it is for anyone who is interested in future developments in these fields or who needs to be briefed on the current status of these interdisciplinary technologies. The intended audience comprises physicists, engineers, materials scientists and computer scientists of all levels, from undergraduates to post-doctoral practitioners.

Preface	p. v
Chapter 1 The Smart Approach--An Introduction to Smart Technologies	p. 1
1.1 What Constitutes a Smart Technology?	p. 1
1.2 Application of Smart Technologies	p. 2
1.2.1 An Interdisciplinary Field	p. 2
Chapter 2 Sensing Systems for Smart Structures	p. 7
2.1 Introduction	p. 7
2.2 Sensor Requirements in Smart Systems	p. 8
2.3 Sensor Technologies for Smart Systems	p. 11
2.3.1 The Options	p. 11
2.3.2 Using Conventional Sensors	p. 13
2.3.3 New Technologies--Fibre Optic Sensors	p. 15
2.3.4 MEMS	p. 24
2.3.5 Piezoceramics and Piezoelectric Polymers	p. 30
2.3.6 Film Technologies: Coatings and Threads	p. 31
2.4 Conclusions	p. 34
Chapter 3 Vibration Control Using Smart Structures	p. 37
3.1 Introduction	p. 37
3.1.1 The Dynamics of Structures	p. 39
3.1.2 Modal Analysis of Structures	p. 40
3.2 Sensors and Actuators	p. 42
3.3 Active Control of Structures	p. 45
3.3.1 Modal Control	p. 46
3.3.2 Adding Damping--Derivative Feedback	p. 48
3.3.3 Positive Position Feedback	p. 48
3.3.4 Other Controllers	p. 50
3.4 Examples of Vibration Control	p. 50
3.4.1 A Cantilever Beam	p. 52
3.4.2 A Slewing Beam	p. 55
3.4.3 A Slewing Frame	p. 57
3.4.4 Antenna	p. 61
3.4.5 Plate Example	p. 64
3.5 Conclusions	p. 68
Bibliography	p. 69
Chapter 4 Data Fusion--The Role of Signal Processing for Smart Structures and Systems	p. 71
4.1 Introduction	p. 71
4.2 Sensors	p. 73
4.3 Sensor Fusion	p. 76
4.4 The JDL Model	p. 80
4.5 The Boyd Model	p. 82
4.6 The Waterfall Model	p. 84
4.7 The Omnibus Model	p. 85
4.8 The Relevance of Data Fusion for Smart Structures	p. 86
4.9 Case Study: Fault Detection Based on Lamb Wave Scattering	p. 88
4.9.1 Lamb Waves	p. 88
4.9.2 Novelty Detection	p. 90
4.9.3 Results	p. 92
4.10 Sensor Optimisation, Validation and Failure-Safety	p. 94
4.10.1 Optimal Sensor Distributions	p. 94
4.10.2 Failure-Safe Distributions	p. 98
4.11 Conclusions	p. 100
Appendix A The Multi-Layer Perceptron	p. 101
Bibliography	p. 105
Chapter 5 Shape Memory Alloys--A Smart Technology?	p. 109
5.1 Introduction	p. 109
5.2 Structural Origins of Shape Memory	p. 111
5.3 One-Way Shape Memory	p. 111
5.4 Two-Way Memory Effect	p. 113
5.5 Pseudoelasticity or the Superelastic Effect	p. 114
5.6 A Brief History of Memory Alloys and their Application	p. 115
5.7 Why Not Use Bimetals?	p. 118
5.8 Types of Shape Memory Alloy	p. 118
5.9 Nickel Titanium Shape Memory Alloys	p. 119
5.9.1 Background	p. 119
5.9.2 Mechanical Behaviour	p. 119
5.9.3 Corrosion Characteristics	p. 121
5.9.4 Ternary Additions	p. 121
5.9.5 Summary of Mechanical and Physical Properties	p. 122
5.10 NiTi Shape Memory Alloys in Smart Applications	p. 122
5.11 Shape Memory Alloys as Smart Actuators	p. 125
5.11.1 Political Factors	p. 126
5.11.2 Economic Forces	p. 126
5.11.3 Social Forces	p. 127
5.11.4 Technological Forces	p. 128
5.12 Shape Memory Alloys and their Fit to Smart Technologies	p. 128
5.12.1 Shape Memory Alloys--A Smart Material?	p. 128
5.12.2 Shape Memory Alloys in Smart Structures	p. 129
5.12.2.1 Passive Composite Structures	p. 130
5.12.2.2 Structural Shape Control	p. 131
5.12.2.3 Vibration Control	p. 132
5.12.2.4 Buckling Control	p. 133
5.12.2.5 Acoustic Radiation	p. 133
5.12.2.6 Active Damage Control	p. 134
5.13 Final Thoughts	p. 135
Bibliography	p. 137
Chapter 6 Piezoelectric Materials	p. 141
6.1 Introduction to Piezoelectricity	p. 141
6.1.1 Crystallography of Piezoelectricity	p. 142
6.1.2 The Interaction Between Mechanical and Electrical Systems	p. 144
6.1.3 Some Piezoelectric Materials	p. 145
6.2 Applications of the Direct Piezoelectric Effect	p. 147
6.3 Acoustic Transducers	p. 149
6.4 Piezoelectric Actuators	p. 149
6.4.1 Bimorphs and Other Bending Piezo-Actuators	p. 150
6.4.2 Monolithic Actuators	p. 152
6.4.2.1 Moonies and Cymbals	p. 153
6.4.3 Stack and Multi-Layer Actuators	p. 156
6.4.3.1 Multi-Layer Characteristics	p. 157
6.4.3.2 Dynamic Characteristics of Multi-Layers	p. 158
6.5 The Problem of Amplification	p. 161
6.5.1 Mechanical Amplification	p. 162
6.5.2 The Summation of Multiple Small Steps	p. 163
6.5.3 The Impact Technique	p. 166
6.6 Further Application Examples	p. 167
Bibliography	p. 169
Chapter 7 Magnetostriction	p. 171
7.1 Introduction	p. 171
7.1.1 Background	p. 172
7.2 Rare Earth Intermetallics	p. 175
7.3 Actuation	p. 182
7.3.1 Generic Actuators	p. 182
7.3.2 Magnetostrictive Motors	p. 184
7.3.3 Sonic and Ultrasonic Emission	p. 186
7.3.4 Vibration Control and Absorbers	p. 187
7.4 Conclusions	p. 189
Bibliography	p. 191
Chapter 8 Smart Fluid Machines	p. 193
8.1 Introduction	p. 193
8.2 Concepts and Philosophy	p. 193
8.3 More Philosophy	p. 201
8.4 The Strictor Driven-Hydraulic Valve	p. 203
8.5 Electrostructured Fluids	p. 203
8.6 Performance Prediction	p. 206
8.7 Applications	p. 213
Bibliography	p. 219
Chapter 9 Smart Biomaterials--"Out-Smarting" the Body's Defense Systems and Other Advances in Materials for Medicine	p. 221
9.1 Introduction	p. 221
9.2 Dumb Biomaterials--The First Generation	p. 226
9.3 Planning and Refinement--Second Generation Biomaterials	p. 229
9.3.1 Calcium Phosphate Ceramics	p. 231
9.3.2 Bioactive Glasses	p. 233
9.4 Smart Surfaces Tailored for Specific Applications--Third Generation Biomaterials	p. 235
9.4.1 Materials-Tissue Interface	p. 235
9.4.2 Functionalised Surfaces	p. 237
9.4.3 Biologically Modified Surfaces	p. 239
9.4.3.1 Bacterial Adhesion	p. 240
9.4.3.2 Bone Bonding	p. 241
9.4.3.3 Blood Compatible Surfaces	p. 241
9.5 Really Smart Biomaterials--The Next Generation	p. 242
9.6 Conclusions	p. 244
Bibliography	p. 247
Chapter 10 Natural Engineering--The Smart Synergy	p. 249
10.1 Introduction	p. 249
10.2 Intelligent Biomimetics	p. 250
10.2.1 Sensory Mechanisms	p. 250
10.2.1.1 Arthropod Mechano-Receptors	p. 250
10.2.1.2 Vertebrate Sensors	p. 259
10.2.2 Integration and Coding	p. 261
10.2.3 Actuation	p. 261
10.2.3.1 Skin	p. 261
10.2.3.2 Deployable Structures	p. 263
10.2.4 Implementation	p. 264
10.2.4.1 Liquid Crystals	p. 264
10.3 Conclusions	p. 268
Bibliography	p. 269

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