Structural elements design manual : working with eurocodes

Structural Elements Design Manual: Working With Eurocodes is the structural engineers 'companion volume' to the four Eurocodes on the structural use of timber, concrete, masonry and steelwork.

For the student at higher technician or first degree level it provides a single source of information on the behaviour and practical design of the main elements of the building structure.

With plenty of worked examples and diagrams, it is a useful textbook not only for students of structural and civil engineering, but also for those on courses in related subjects such as architecture, building and surveying whose studies include the design of structural elements.

Trevor Draycott the former Buildings and Standards Manager with Lancashire County Council's Department of Property Services has 50 years experience in the construction industry. For 20 years he was also an associate lecturer in structures at Lancashire Polytechnic, now the University of Central Lancashire in Preston. For many years he served on the Institution of Structural Engineers, North West Branch, professional interview panel and the North West regional committee of the Timber Research and Development Association.

Peter Bullman worked for Felix J Samuely and Partners, Taylor Woodrow Construction and Building Design Partnership before joining Bolton Institute, now the University of Bolton, as a lecturer in structural engineering. He has taught structural design on higher technician, degree and postgraduate courses, and has run courses to prepare engineers for the IStructE Chartered Membership examination.

Author Notes

Trevor Draycott, the former Buildings and Standards Manager with Lancashire County Council's Department of Property Services, has 50 years' experience in the construction industry. For 20 years he was also an associate lecturer in structures at Lancashire Polytechnic, now the University of Central Lancashire in Preston. For many years he served on the Institution of Structural Engineers, North West Branch, professional interview panel and the North West regional committee of the Timber Research and Development Association.
Peter Bullman worked for Felix J Samuely and Partners, Taylor Woodrow Construction and Building Design Partnership before joining Bolton Institute, now the University of Bolton, as a lecturer in structural engineering. He has taught structural design on higher technician, degree and postgraduate courses, and has run courses to prepare engineers for the IStructE Chartered Membership examination.

Preface	p. ix
1 General Matters	p. 1
1.1 Introduction	p. 1
1.2 Codes and Standards	p. 2
1.3 Loads and Actions	p. 4
1.4 Limit State Design Philosophy	p. 8
1.5 Determining Loads on Individual Structural Elements	p. 12
1.6 Structural Mechanics	p. 21
1.7 Design of Beams for Bending Moment	p. 23
1.8 Compression Members	p. 31
1.9 Material Properties	p. 33
1.10 Summary	p. 33
2 Timber Elements	p. 35
2.1 Structural Design of Timber	p. 35
2.2 Timber Strength Classes	p. 38
2.3 Variation of Timber Stiffness and Strength with Load Duration and Service Class	p. 40
2.4 Solid Timber	p. 41
2.5 Durability	p. 42
2.6 Load Duration and Service Class: The kmod Factor for Design at ULS	p. 45
2.6.1 Timber Strength at ULS	p. 45
2.6.2 A Rule of Thumb for ULS Strength Checks	p. 45
2.7 System Strength: The Ksys Factor for Design at ULS	p. 47
2.8 Timber Beams and Joists	p. 48
2.8.1 Bending ULS	p. 48
2.8.2 Bearing ULS: Compression Perpendicular to the Grain at Support Bearings	p. 51
2.8.3 Shear ULS	p. 52
2.8.4 Deflection SLS	p. 55
2.9 Engineered Timber Products and Connections	p. 65
2.10 Compression Members: Timber Posts, Columns and Struts	p. 67
2.11 References	p. 73
3 Concrete Elements	p. 75
3.1 Structural Design of Reinforced Concrete	p. 75
3.2 Symbols	p. 76
3.3 Material Properties	p. 78
3.3.1 Reinforcing Bars	p. 78
3.3.2 Concrete	p. 79
3.3.3 Partial Safety Factors	p. 81
3.4 Durability	p. 81
3.4.1 Shape and Bulk of Concrete	p. 82
3.4.2 Concrete Cover to the Reinforcement	p. 82
3.5 Resistance to Fire	p. 84
3.6 Minimum Cover to Reinforcement	p. 86
3.7 Limits on Areas of Reinforcement and Bar Spacing	p. 87
3.7.1 Minimum Reinforcement and Maximum Bar Spacing	p. 87
3.7.2 Maximum Reinforcement and Minimum Bar Spacing	p. 89
3.8 Flexural Members	p. 89
3.9 Beams	p. 89
3.9.1 Effective Span of Beams	p. 89
3.9.2 Deep Beams	p. 90
3.9.3 Slender Beams	p. 90
3.9.4 Design of Beams for Bending ULS	p. 90
3.9.5 Design of Beams for Shear ULS	p. 98
3.9.6 Design of Beams for Deflection SLS	p. 103
3.9.7 Design Summary for Beams	p. 109
3.10 Slabs	p. 109
3.10.1 Design of Slabs for Bending ULS	p. 112
3.10.2 Design of Slabs for Shear ULS	p. 112
3.10.3 Design of Slabs for Deflection SLS	p. 113
3.10.4 Design of Slabs for Cracking SLS	p. 113
3.11 Columns	p. 116
3.11.1 Braced and Unbraced Columns	p. 116
3.11.2 Short and Slender Columns	p. 117
3.11.3 Maximum and Minimum Reinforcement in Columns	p. 119
3.11.4 Short, Axially Loaded Columns	p. 120
3.11.5 Columns with Bending Moment	p. 122
3.11.6 Use of Column Design Charts	p. 123
3.11.7 Design Summary for Short Braced Columns	p. 128
3.12 References	p. 129
4 Masonry Elements	p. 131
4.1 Structural Design of Masonry	p. 131
4.2 Symbols and Definitions	p. 132
4.3 Materials	p. 133
4.3.1 Bricks and Blocks	p. 134
4.3.2 Mortar	p. 138
4.3.3 Thin-Joint Masonry	p. 140
4.3.4 Cavity Wall Ties	p. 140
4.3.5 Damp Proof Courses	p. 141
4.4 Material Properties	p. 141
4.4.1 Compressive Strength of Masonry Units	p. 141
4.4.2 Ultimate Compressive Strength of Masonry	p. 143
4.4.3 Partial Safety Factors for Materials	p. 145
4.5 Factors Influencing the Loadbearing Capacity of Masonry Members	p. 146
4.5.1 Minimum Wall Thickness	p. 146
4.5.2 Capacity Reduction Factor for Walls of Small Cross-Section Area øA	p. 146
4.5.3 Lateral Restraint	p. 146
4.5.4 Effective Length	p. 148
4.5.5 Effective Thickness	p. 148
4.5.6 Slenderness Ratio	p. 150
4.5.7 Load Eccentricity	p. 151
4.6 Calculation of Unit Strength and Mortar Grade Required to Carry a Vertical Load	p. 157
4.7 Calculation of Unit Strength and Mortar Grade Required to Carry a Vertical Load Using the Simplified Method of EC6 Part 3	p. 167
4.8 Concentrated Loads	p. 178
4.9 References	p. 181
5 Steel Elements	p. 183
5.1 Structural Design of Steel Elements	p. 183
5.2 Symbols	p. 187
5.3 Material Properties	p. 189
5.4 Section Properties	p. 191
5.5 Beams	p. 206
5.5.1 Beam Bending ULS	p. 207
5.5.1.1 Lateral Torsional Buckling	p. 207
5.5.1.2 Bending Strength ULS of Laterally Restrained Beams	p. 209
5.5.1.3 Bending Strength ULS of Laterally Unrestrained Beams	p. 211
5.5.2 Beam Shear Strength ULS	p. 224
5.5.3 Beam Resistance to Transverse Forces	p. 227
5.5.4 Beam Deflection SLS	p. 230
5.5.5 Fabricated Beams	p. 236
5.6 Columns	p. 238
5.6.1 Axially Loaded Columns	p. 239
5.6.2 Axially Loaded Columns with Moments from Eccentric Loads	p. 248
5.6.3 Column Baseplates	p. 253
5.7 Connections	p. 255
5.8 References	p. 256
Index	p. 257

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