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Searching... | 30000010133536 | TK7872.O7 G66 2007 | Open Access Book | Book | Searching... |
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Summary
Summary
Oscillators are an important component in today's RF and microwave systems, and practitioners in the field need to know how to design oscillators for stability and top performance. Offering engineers broader coverage than other oscillator design books on the market, this comprehensive resource considers the complete frequency range, from low-frequency audio oscillators to more complex oscillators found at the RF and microwave frequencies. Packed with over 1,200 equations, the book gives professionals a thorough understanding of the principles and practice of oscillator circuit design and emphasizes the use of time-saving CAD (computer aided design) simulation techniques. From the theory and characteristics of oscillators, to the design of a wide variety of oscillators (including tuned-circuit, crystal, negative-resistance, and relaxation oscillators), this unique book is a one-stop reference practitioners can turn to again and again when working on their challenging projects in this field.
Author Notes
Guillermo Gonzalez is a professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering at the University of Miami.
Table of Contents
| Preface | p. ix |
| Chapter 1 Theory of Oscillators | p. 1 |
| 1.1 Introduction | p. 1 |
| 1.2 Oscillation Conditions | p. 1 |
| 1.3 Nyquist Stability Test | p. 6 |
| 1.4 Root Locus | p. 10 |
| 1.5 Routh-Hurwitz Method | p. 18 |
| 1.6 The Wien-Bridge Oscillator | p. 20 |
| 1.7 The Phase-Shift Oscillator | p. 34 |
| 1.8 Active-Filter Oscillators | p. 46 |
| References | p. 51 |
| Chapter 2 Oscillator Characteristics | p. 53 |
| 2.1 Introduction | p. 53 |
| 2.2 Frequency Stability | p. 53 |
| 2.3 Expressions for the Quality Factor | p. 62 |
| 2.4 Noise in Oscillators | p. 68 |
| 2.5 Oscillator Phase Noise | p. 76 |
| 2.6 Oscillator Noise Measurements | p. 89 |
| 2.6.1 The Direct Method | p. 89 |
| 2.6.2 The Phase-Detector Method | p. 89 |
| 2.6.3 The Delay-Line/Frequency-Discriminator Method | p. 93 |
| 2.7 Statistical Design Considerations | p. 94 |
| References | p. 100 |
| Chapter 3 Tuned-Circuit Oscillators | p. 103 |
| 3.1 Introduction | p. 103 |
| 3.2 FET Tuned Oscillators | p. 103 |
| 3.2.1 FET Pierce Oscillator | p. 109 |
| 3.2.2 FET Colpitts Oscillator | p. 114 |
| 3.2.3 FET Hartley Oscillator | p. 117 |
| 3.2.4 FET Clapp Oscillator | p. 122 |
| 3.2.5 The Grounded-Gate Oscillator | p. 123 |
| 3.2.6 Tuned-Drain Oscillator | p. 126 |
| 3.2.7 Cross-Coupled Tuned Oscillator | p. 128 |
| 3.3 BJT Tuned Oscillators | p. 130 |
| 3.3.1 BJT Pierce Oscillator | p. 132 |
| 3.3.2 BJT Colpitts Oscillator | p. 137 |
| 3.3.3 BJT Hartley Oscillator | p. 142 |
| 3.3.4 The Grounded-Base Oscillator | p. 147 |
| 3.3.5 BJT Clapp Oscillator | p. 152 |
| 3.3.6 Tuned-Collector Oscillator | p. 154 |
| 3.4 Op-Amp Tuned Oscillators | p. 155 |
| 3.5 Delay-Line Oscillators | p. 159 |
| 3.6 Voltage-Controlled Tuned Oscillators | p. 161 |
| 3.7 Large-Signal Analysis of Oscillators | p. 164 |
| References | p. 180 |
| Chapter 4 Crystal Oscillators | p. 181 |
| 4.1 Introduction | p. 181 |
| 4.2 Crystal Characteristics | p. 181 |
| 4.3 Frequency Pulling in a Crystal Oscillator | p. 201 |
| 4.4 The Pierce, Colpitts, and Clapp Crystal Oscillators | p. 208 |
| 4.5 The Grounded-Base Crystal Oscillator | p. 230 |
| 4.6 The PI-Network Crystal Oscillator | p. 235 |
| 4.7 Voltage-Controlled Crystal Oscillators | p. 238 |
| 4.8 Ceramic-Resonator Oscillators | p. 239 |
| 4.9 SAW Oscillators | p. 242 |
| References | p. 250 |
| Chapter 5 Negative-Resistance Oscillators | p. 251 |
| 5.1 Introduction | p. 251 |
| 5.2 Negative-Resistance Method | p. 251 |
| 5.3 Oscillation Conditions-A Negative-Resistance Approach | p. 260 |
| 5.4 Traveling-Waves and Power-Waves Concepts | p. 266 |
| 5.4.1 S Parameters | p. 269 |
| 5.4.2 S[superscript p] Parameters | p. 271 |
| 5.5 Stability Considerations | p. 272 |
| 5.6 Oscillation Conditions in Terms of Reflection Coefficients | p. 276 |
| 5.7 Two-Port Negative-Resistance Oscillators | p. 280 |
| 5.8 The Terminating Network | p. 290 |
| 5.9 Oscillation-Conditions Simulations | p. 293 |
| 5.9.1 OscTest | p. 293 |
| 5.9.2 Nyquist Test | p. 296 |
| 5.9.3 OscPort | p. 297 |
| 5.10 Large-Signal Analysis for NROs | p. 297 |
| 5.11 Design of Feedback Oscillators Using the Negative-Resistance Method | p. 302 |
| 5.12 Dielectric-Resonator Oscillators | p. 309 |
| 5.12.1 TEM-Mode DRs | p. 310 |
| 5.12.2 TE-Mode DRs | p. 315 |
| 5.12.3 Parallel-Coupled DRO | p. 340 |
| 5.13 YIG Oscillators | p. 343 |
| 5.14 Other Negative-Resistance Devices | p. 346 |
| 5.14.1 Gunn Diodes | p. 346 |
| 5.14.2 Impatt Diodes | p. 349 |
| References | p. 350 |
| Chapter 6 Nonsinusoidal Oscillators | p. 351 |
| 6.1 Introduction | p. 351 |
| 6.2 Various Relaxation Oscillators | p. 351 |
| 6.2.1 Relaxation Oscillators Using Operational Amplifiers | p. 351 |
| 6.2.2 Relaxation Oscillators with Digital Gates | p. 354 |
| 6.2.3 The Ring Oscillator | p. 363 |
| 6.3 Triangular-Wave Oscillators | p. 365 |
| 6.4 Sawtooth Oscillators | p. 379 |
| 6.5 Oscillators Using the 555 Timer | p. 380 |
| 6.6 ICs Function Generators | p. 387 |
| 6.7 UJTs and PUTs | p. 393 |
| Appendix A Conditions for a Stable Oscillation | p. 401 |
| Appendix B Analysis of the Series Feedback Circuit | p. 407 |
| Selected Bibliography | p. 413 |
| About the Author | p. 415 |
| Index | p. 417 |
