Cover image for Wood modification : chemical, thermal and other processes
Title:
Wood modification : chemical, thermal and other processes
Personal Author:
Series:
Wiley series in renewable resources
Publication Information:
Chichester, West Sussex : John Wiley & Sons, 2006
ISBN:
9780470021729
Subject Term:

Available:*

Library
Item Barcode
Call Number
Material Type
Item Category 1
Status
Searching...
30000010101439 TA424 H54 2006 Open Access Book Book
Searching...

On Order

Summary

Summary

This book is exclusively concerned with wood modification, although many of these processes are generic and can be applied to other lignocellulosic materials. There have been many rapid developments in wood modification over the past decade and, in particular, there has been considerable progress made in the commercialisation of technologies. Topics covered include: The use of timber in the 21st century Modifying the properties of wood Chemical modification of wood: Acetic Anhydride Modification and reaction with other chemicals Thermal modification of wood Surface modification Impregnation modification Commercialisation of wood modification Environmental consideration and future developments

This is the first time that a book has covered all wood modification technologies in one text. Although the book covers the main research developments in wood modification, it also puts wood modification into context and additionally deals with aspects of commercialisation and environmental impact.

This book is very timely, because wood modification is undergoing huge developments at the present time, driven in part by environmental concerns regarding the use of wood treated with certain preservatives. There has been considerable commercial interest shown in wood modification over the past decade, with products based upon thermal modification, and furfurylation now being actively being marketed. The next few years will see the commercialisation of acetylation and impregnation modification. This is a new industry, but one that has enormous potential.

This book will prove useful to all those with an interest in wood modification including researchers, technologists and professionals working in wood science and timber engineering, wood preservation, and well as professionals in the paper and pulp industries, and those with an interest in the development of renewable materials.


Author Notes

Dr Callum Hill, University of Wales Bangor, UK, internationally-renowned expert on wood modificati


Table of Contents

Forewordp. xi
Series Prefacep. xiii
Prefacep. xv
List of Abbreviationsp. xvii
1 The Use of Timber in the Twenty-first Centuryp. 1
1.1 Introductionp. 1
1.2 Nonrenewables: a Finite and Exhaustible Resourcep. 2
1.3 Renewable Materialsp. 4
1.4 The Global Timber Resourcep. 7
1.5 Timber Productionp. 10
1.6 Wood Preservationp. 11
1.7 Preservative-treated Wood and Legislationp. 14
1.8 Competition from Nonrenewable Materialsp. 16
1.9 The Need for Wood Modificationp. 17
1.10 Conclusionsp. 17
2 Modifying the Properties of Woodp. 19
2.1 Introductionp. 19
2.2 Wood Properties and Wood Modificationp. 19
2.3 Wood Modification Methodsp. 21
2.4 The Cell Wall of Woodp. 23
2.5 The Chemical Constituents of Woodp. 25
2.6 The Wood-Water Relationshipp. 30
2.7 The Mechanical Properties of Modified Woodp. 37
2.8 Modified Wood and Biological Degradationp. 39
2.9 Wood and Weatheringp. 43
2.10 Proof of Bondingp. 43
2.11 Conclusionsp. 44
3 Chemical Modification of Wood (I): Acetic Anhydride Modificationp. 45
3.1 Introductionp. 45
3.2 Reaction Protocolsp. 46
3.3 Cell Wall Reactivityp. 52
3.4 Analysis of Anhydride-modified Woodp. 55
3.5 Dimensional Stabilityp. 56
3.6 Mechanical Propertiesp. 58
3.7 Microbiological Degradationp. 60
3.8 Biological Degradation by Insects and Marine Organismsp. 69
3.9 Moisture Relationships of Anhydride-modified Woodp. 70
3.10 Composites Utilizing Acetic Anhydride Modified Woodp. 72
3.11 Conclusionsp. 76
4 Chemical Modification of Wood (II): Reaction with Other Chemicalsp. 77
4.1 Introductionp. 77
4.2 Reaction of Wood with Other Noncyclic Anhydridesp. 77
4.3 Reaction of Wood with Cyclic Anhydridesp. 79
4.4 Acetylation Using Ketene Gasp. 83
4.5 Carboxylic Acid Modificationp. 84
4.6 Acid Chloride Modificationp. 85
4.7 Isocyanate Modificationp. 85
4.8 Epoxide Modificationp. 90
4.9 Alkyl Halide Modificationp. 93
4.10 Aldehyde Modificationp. 93
4.11 Cyanoethylationp. 96
4.12 Beta-Propiolactonep. 96
4.13 Quinone Methidesp. 97
4.14 Conclusionsp. 97
5 Thermal Modification of Woodp. 99
5.1 Introductionp. 99
5.2 Process Variablesp. 100
5.3 Chemical Changes in Wood due to Thermal Modificationp. 102
5.4 Physical Changes in Wood due to Thermal Modificationp. 110
5.5 Biological Properties of Thermally Modified Woodp. 123
5.6 Compressed Woodp. 125
5.7 Oil Heat-treatmentsp. 126
5.8 Conclusionsp. 126
6 Surface Modificationp. 129
6.1 Introductionp. 129
6.2 Surface Chemical Modification for UV Stabilityp. 129
6.3 Modification to Render the Wood Surface Hydrophobicp. 133
6.4 Surface Chemical Modification for Bondingp. 133
6.5 Enzymatic Modificationp. 143
6.6 Corona or Plasma Dischargep. 145
6.7 Conclusionsp. 147
7 Impregnation Modificationp. 149
7.1 Introductionp. 149
7.2 Resin Treatmentsp. 150
7.3 Impregnations using Silicon-containing Compoundsp. 162
7.4 Other Inorganic Cell Wall Precipitation Treatmentsp. 170
7.5 Cell Wall Impregnation with Monomersp. 170
7.6 Cell Wall Impregnation with Polymersp. 171
7.7 Conclusionsp. 173
8 Commercialization of Wood Modificationp. 175
8.1 Introductionp. 175
8.2 Thermal Modificationp. 175
8.3 Oil Heat Modification/Treatmentsp. 182
8.4 Acetylationp. 183
8.5 Impregnation Modificationp. 188
8.6 Conclusionsp. 190
9 Wood Modification: Environmental Considerations and Future Developmentsp. 191
9.1 Introductionp. 191
9.2 Principles of the Determination of Environmental Impactp. 192
9.3 Methods of Determining Environmental Impactsp. 193
9.4 The Environmental Impact of Wood Modificationp. 194
9.5 Industrial Ecology and Wood Modificationp. 194
9.6 The Future of Wood Modificationp. 198
Referencesp. 201
Indexp. 233