Fundamentals of Hydraulic Engineering Systems

Fundamentals of Hydraulic Engineering Systems bridges the gap between fundamental principles and techniques applied to the design and analysis of hydraulic engineering systems. An extension of fluid mechanics, hydraulics is often more difficult to understand, and experience shows that many engineering students have trouble solving practical problems in hydraulics. The book builds on readers' problem solving skills by presenting various problem and solution scenarios throughout including effective design procedures, equations, tables and graphs, and helpful computer software.

The first half of the Fifth Edition discusses the fundamentals of fluid statics, fluid dynamics, and pipe flow, giving readers practical insight on water flow and pipe design. The latter half dives into water flow and hydraulic systems design, covering some of the most common hydraulic structures such as wells, dams, spillways, culverts, and stilling basins. The book ends with four ancillary topics: measurements, model studies, hydrology for hydraulic design and statistical methods in hydrology, as well as common techniques for obtaining hydraulic design flows.

Preface	p. xi
Acknowledgments	p. xv
Introduction	p. xix
1 Fundamental Properties of Water	p. 1
1.1 The Earth's Atmosphere and Atmospheric Pressure	p. 2
1.2 The Three Phases of Water	p. 2
1.3 Mass (Density) and Weight (Specific Weight)	p. 3
1.4 Viscosity of Water	p. 5
1.5 Surface Tension and Capillarity	p. 7
1.6 Elasticity of Water	p. 8
1.7 Forces in a Fluid Field	p. 10
Problems	p. 10
2 Water Pressure and Pressure Forces	p. 14
2.1 The Free Surface of Water	p. 14
2.2 Absolute and Gauge Pressures	p. 14
2.3 Surfaces of Equal Pressure	p. 17
2.4 Manometers	p. 19
2.5 Hydrostatic Forces on Flat Surfaces	p. 23
2.6 Hydrostatic Forces on Curved Surfaces	p. 28
2.7 Buoyancy	p. 31
2.8 Flotation Stability	p. 33
Problems	p. 37
3 Water Flow in Pipes	p. 54
3.1 Description of Pipe Flow	p. 54
3.2 The Reynolds Number	p. 55
3.3 Continuity and Momentum Equations in Pipe Flow	p. 57
3.4 Energy in Pipe Flow	p. 60
3.5 Loss of Head from Pipe Friction	p. 63
3.5.1 Friction Factor for Laminar Flow	p. 64
3.5.2 Friction Factor for Turbulent Flow	p. 65
3.6 Empirical Equations for Friction Head Loss	p. 71
3.7 Friction Head Loss-Discharge Relationships	p. 74
3.8 Loss of Head in Pipe Contractions	p. 75
3.9 Loss of Head in Pipe Expansions	p. 78
3.10 Loss of Head in Pipe Bends	p. 79
3.11 Loss of Head in Pipe Valves	p. 81
3.12 Method of Equivalent Pipes	p. 84
3.12.1 Pipes in Series	p. 84
3.12.2 Pipes in Parallel	p. 85
Problems	p. 87
4 Pipelines and Pipe Networks	p. 94
4.1 Pipelines Connecting Two Reservoirs	p. 94
4.2 Negative Pressure Scenarios (Pipelines and Pumps)	p. 98
4.3 Branching Pipe Systems	p. 103
4.4 Pipe Networks	p. 110
4.4.1 The Hardy-Cross Method	p. 111
4.4.2 The Newton Method	p. 122
4.5 Water Hammer Phenomenon in Pipelines	p. 125
4.6 Surge Tanks	p. 134
4.7 Pipe Network Modeling	p. 136
4.7.1 The EPANET Model	p. 137
Problems	p. 141
5 Water Pumps	p. 155
5.1 Centrifugal (Radial Flow) Pumps	p. 155
5.2 Propeller (Axial Flow) Pumps	p. 161
5.3 Jet (Mixed-Flow) Pumps	p. 164
5.4 Centrifugal Pump Characteristic Curves	p. 165
5.5 Single Pump and Pipeline Analysis	p. 166
5.6 Pumps in Parallel or in Series	p. 169
5.7 Pumps and Branching Pipes	p. 173
5.8 Pumps and Pipe Networks	p. 176
5.9 Cavitation in Water Pumps	p. 177
5.10 Specific Speed and Pump Similarity	p. 181
5.11 Selection of a Pump	p. 183
Problems	p. 187
6 Water Flow in Open Channels	p. 197
6.1 Open-Channel Flow Classifications	p. 199
6.2 Uniform Flow in Open Channels	p. 201
6.3 Hydraulic Efficiency of Open-Channel Sections	p. 207
6.4 Energy Principles in Open-Channel Flow	p. 210
6.5 Hydraulic Jumps	p. 216
6.6 Gradually Varied Flow	p. 219
6.7 Classifications of Gradually Varied Flow	p. 221
6.8 Computation of Water Surface Profiles	p. 224
6.8.1 Standard Step Method	p. 225
6.8.2 Direct Step Method	p. 227
6.9 Hydraulic Design of Open Channels	p. 234
6.9.1 Unlined Channels	p. 236
6.9.2 Rigid Boundary Channels	p. 238
6.10 Open Channel Flow Modeling	p. 239
6.10.1 The HEC-RAS Model	p. 240
Problems	p. 245
7 Groundwater Hydraulics	p. 253
7.1 Movement of Groundwater	p. 255
7.2 Steady Radial Flow to a Well	p. 258
7.2.1 Steady Radial Flow in Confined Aquifers	p. 259
7.2.2 Steady Radial Flow in Unconfined Aquifers	p. 261
7.3 Unsteady Radial Flow to a Well	p. 263
7.3.1 Unsteady Radial Flow in Confined Aquifers	p. 263
7.3.2 Unsteady Radial Flow in Unconfined Aquifers	p. 267
7.4 Field Determination of Aquifer Characteristics	p. 270
7.4.1 Equilibrium Test in Confined Aquifers	p. 271
7.4.2 Equilibrium Test in Unconfined Aquifers	p. 273
7.4.3 Nonequilibrium Test	p. 275
7.5 Aquifer Boundaries	p. 279
7.6 Surface Investigations of Groundwater	p. 285
7.6.1 The Electrical Resistivity Method	p. 285
7.6.2 Seismic Wave Propagation Methods	p. 285
7.7 Seawater Intrusion in Coastal Areas	p. 286
7.8 Seepage Through Dam Foundations	p. 291
7.9 Seepage Through Earth Dams	p. 294
Problems	p. 296
8 Hydraulic Structures	p. 307
8.1 Functions of Hydraulic Structures	p. 307
8.2 Dams: Functions and Classifications	p. 308
8.3 Stability of Gravity and Arch Dams	p. 311
8.3.1 Gravity Dams	p. 311
8.3.2 Arch Dams	p. 314
8.4 Small Earth Dams	p. 316
8.5 Weirs	p. 318
8.6 Overflow Spillways	p. 323
8.7 Side-Channel Spillways	p. 326
8.8 Siphon Spillways	p. 328
8.9 Culverts	p. 331
8.10 Stilling Basins	p. 336
Problems	p. 340
9 Water Pressure, Velocity, and Discharge Measurements	p. 347
9.1 Pressure Measurements	p. 347
9.2 Velocity Measurements	p. 349
9.3 Discharge Measurements in Pipes	p. 352
9.4 Discharge Measurements in Open Channels	p. 357
9.4.1 Sharp-Crested Weirs	p. 357
9.4.2 Broad-Crested Weirs	p. 360
9.4.3 Venturi Flumes	p. 361
Problems	p. 366
10 Hydraulic Similitude and Model Studies	p. 371
10.1 Dimensional Homogeneity	p. 372
10.2 Principles of Hydraulic Similitude	p. 373
10.3 Phenomena Governed by Viscous Forces: Reynolds Number Law	p. 378
10.4 Phenomena Governed by Gravity Forces: Froude Number Law	p. 381
10.5 Phenomena Governed by Surface Tension: Weber Number Law	p. 383
10.6 Phenomena Governed by Both Gravity and Viscous Forces	p. 384
10.7 Models for Floating and Submerged Bodies	p. 384
10.8 Open-Channel Models	p. 386
10.9 The Pi Theorem	p. 388
Problems	p. 392
11 Hydrology for Hydraulic Design	p. 397
11.1 Watershed Delineation	p. 399
11.2 Design Storms	p. 400
11.2.1 Storm Hyetograph	p. 401
11.2.2 Intensity-Duration-Return Period Relationships	p. 402
11.2.3 Design-Storm Selection	p. 402
11.2.4 Synthetic Block Design-Storm Hyetograph	p. 404
11.2.5 Soil Conservation Service Hyetographs	p. 405
11.3 Losses from Rainfall and Rainfall Excess	p. 408
11.3.1 Green and Ampt Infiltration Model	p. 410
11.3.2 Soil Conservation Service Method	p. 413
11.4 Design Runoff Hydrographs	p. 415
11.4.1 Time of Concentration	p. 416
11.4.2 Unit Hydrograph	p. 419
11.4.3 Total Runoff Hydrograph	p. 424
11.5 Storage Routing	p. 426
11.6 Hydraulic Design: The Rational Method	p. 435
11.6.1 Design of Stormwater- Collection Systems	p. 437
11.6.2 Design of Stormwater Pipes	p. 439
11.7 Hydrologic Modeling	p. 443
11.7.1 The HEC-HMS Model	p. 444
11.7.2 The EPA-SWMM Model	p. 447
Problems	p. 451
12 Statistical Methods in Hydrology	p. 463
12.1 Concepts of Probability	p. 464
12.2 Statistical Parameters	p. 464
12.3 Probability Distributions	p. 468
12.3.1 Normal Distribution	p. 468
12.3.2 Log-Normal Distribution	p. 469
12.3.3 Gumbel Distribution	p. 469
12.3.4 Log-Pearson Type III Distribution	p. 470
12.4 Return Period and Hydrologic Risk	p. 472
12.5 Frequency Analysis	p. 473
12.5.1 Frequency Factors	p. 473
12.5.2 Testing Goodness of Fit	p. 476
12.5.3 Confidence Limits	p. 478
12.6 Frequency Analysis Using Probability Graphs	p. 481
12.6.1 Probability Graphs	p. 481
12.6.2 Plotting Positions	p. 481
12.6.3 Data Plotting and Theoretical Distributions	p. 483
12.6.4 Estimating Future Magnitudes	p. 484
12.7 Rainfall Intensity-Duration-Frequency Relationships	p. 485
12.8 Applicability of Statistical Methods	p. 488
Problems	p. 488
Symbols	p. 493
Answers to Selected Problems	p. 496
Index	p. 502

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