An introduction to forensic DNA analysis

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Title:

Personal Author:

Rudin, Norah

Edition:

2nd ed.

Publication Information:

Boca Raton, Fla. : CRC Press, c2002

Physical Description:

xx, 292 p., [14] p. of plates : ill. (some col.) ; 26 cm.

ISBN:

9780849302336

Subject Term:

DNA fingerprinting

Added Author:

Inman, Keith

Available:*

Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
Searching... PSZ JB	30000010235141	RA1057.55 I56 2002	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown

Significant advances in DNA analysis techniques have surfaced since the 1997 publication of the bestselling An Introduction to Forensic DNA Analysis. DNA typing has become increasingly automated and miniaturized. Also, with the advent of Short Tandem Repeat (STR) technology, even the most minute sample of degraded DNA can yield a profile, providing valuable case information. However, just as the judicial system slowly and reluctantly accepted RFLP and AmpliType® PM+DQA1 typing, it is now scrutinizing the admissibility of STRs.

Acknowledging STR typing as the current system of choice, An Introduction to Forensic DNA Analysis, Second Edition translates new and established concepts into plain English so that laypeople can gain insight into how DNA analysis works, from sample collection to interpretation of results. In response to the shift toward more efficient techniques, the authors cover the legal admissibility of STR typing, expand the chapter on DNA databases, and revise the section on automated analysis. They also present key decisions and appellate or supreme court rulings that provide precedent at the state and federal levels.

Discussing forensic DNA issues from both a scientific and a legal perspective, the authors of An Introduction to Forensic DNA Analysis, Second Edition present the material in a manner understandable by professionals in the legal system, law enforcement, and forensic science. They cover general principles in a clear fashion and include a glossary of terms and other useful appendices for easy reference.

Reviews 1

Choice Review

Many know little or nothing about DNA typing but want to learn without being overwhelmed by jargon and technical details. This book, in just a few pages, offers fundamental theory, processes, interpretation, and presentation of DNA evidence in court in an interesting and entertaining way, with illustrative cases liberally sprinkled throughout. This new edition (1st, CH, Nov'97) emphasizes the latest methods in crime lab DNA analysis. The watchword for this book is "concise." Some chapters are short but crammed with useful and, more importantly, understandable information. Chapters discuss the nature, collection, and preservation of physical evidence, emphasizing evidence containing DNA; offer a short history of DNA typing; introduce genetics and how variations in DNA lead to subdivisions of a population; discuss various kinds of DNA typing and procedures followed to arrive at a final result; and discuss the complicated topics of interpreting and assessing DNA evidence. Later chapters discuss DNA databanks and issues such as privacy and statistics; treat the very important topics of quality assurance and control, including descriptions of various organizations that have played, and continue to play, a role in developing and maintaining proper practices in DNA typing; and present the law of evidence and the standards of admissibility of DNA evidence, with some landmark cases. Glossary; Internet resources. An ideal book. All levels. J. A. Siegel Michigan State University

1 The Nature of Physical Evidence	p. 1
I. Science and the Law	p. 1
II. Principles and Processes of Criminalistics	p. 2
A. The Principles	p. 2
B. The Processes	p. 4
1. Identification	p. 4
2. Classification and Individualization	p. 4
3. Association	p. 6
4. Reconstruction	p. 7
III. Fingerprints and DNA	p. 7
IV. Conventional Blood Typing	p. 8
2 The Collection and Preservation of Physical Evidence	p. 13
I. Extraneous Substances	p. 14
II. Collection of Evidence	p. 15
III. Preservation of Evidence	p. 16
IV. Evaluation of Evidence	p. 16
A. RFLP	p. 17
B. PCR	p. 17
3 A Short History of DNA Typing	p. 21
4 The Scientific Basis of DNA Typing	p. 33
I. Why DNA?	p. 33
II. An Introduction to Human Genetics	p. 33
A. The Physical Basis of Heredity	p. 34
B. Alleles: Variations on a Theme	p. 34
C. Population Genetics	p. 36
III. An Introduction to the Molecular Biology of DNA	p. 37
IV. Two Kinds of Variation	p. 38
V. Enzymes: The Workhorses of the Biological World	p. 39
5 An Overview of Forensic DNA Typing Systems	p. 41
I. RELP Analysis	p. 41
II. PCR Amplification	p. 42
A. HLA DQ[alpha]/HLA DQA1	p. 43
B. AmpliType PM	p. 48
C. D1S80	p. 49
D. STRs	p. 50
E. Gender Identification	p. 52
F. Y-STRs	p. 53
G. Mitochondrial DNA	p. 56
III. What Kinds of Samples Can be Analyzed?	p. 61
IV. How Much Sample Do You Need?	p. 61
6 Procedures for Forensic DNA Analysis	p. 65
I. Isolation of DNA	p. 65
A. Chelex Extraction	p. 65
B. QiaAmp Extraction	p. 67
C. Organic Extraction	p. 68
D. Differential Extraction	p. 68
II. Determining the Quality and Quantity of DNA	p. 69
A. Determination of Quantity	p. 69
B. Determination of Quality	p. 70
III. RFLP Analysis	p. 71
IV. PCR Amplification	p. 76
V. Analysis of PCR Product	p. 77
A. Sequence Polymorphisms	p. 78
1. AmpliType PM+DQA1	p. 78
2. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)	p. 79
B. Length Polymorphisms (D1S80, STRs, Gender ID)	p. 83
VI. Automated Analysis Systems	p. 87
A. Automated DNA Extraction and Amplification	p. 89
1. Liquid Blood Transfer	p. 89
2. DNA Extraction	p. 89
3. Quantitation	p. 89
4. Amplification	p. 89
5. Robot Issues	p. 90
B. Summary of Automated Procedures	p. 90
7 Interpretation of DNA Typing Results	p. 97
I. Complicating Factors	p. 97
A. Multiple Contributors	p. 97
1. Sexual Assault Evidence	p. 98
2. Non-sexual Assault Mixtures	p. 98
B. Degradation	p. 103
C. Extraneous Substances	p. 103
1. Chemical Inhibition of Enzymes	p. 104
2. Non-human DNA	p. 104
II. System-Specific Interpretational Issues	p. 105
A. RFLP	p. 105
1. Multi-(More Than Two) Banded Patterns	p. 105
2. Single-Banded Patterns	p. 110
3. Summary of RFLP Interpretational Issues	p. 113
B. PCR Systems	p. 114
1. Nuclear DNA	p. 114
2. Mitochondrial DNA	p. 127
3. Summary of PCR Systems Interpretational Issues	p. 131
III. Summary of DNA Interpretation Issues	p. 131
8 Assessing the Strength of the Evidence	p. 139
I. Determination of Genetic Concordance	p. 139
A. Continuous Allele Systems	p. 140
B. Discrete Allele Systems	p. 141
II. Evaluation of Results	p. 142
III. Frequency Estimate Calculations	p. 142
IV. Population Substructure	p. 144
A. Estimating Frequencies	p. 145
1. Continuous Allele Systems (RFLP)	p. 145
2. Discrete Allele Systems (all PCR systems)	p. 146
3. Correction Factors	p. 146
4. Relatives	p. 146
5. Counting Method	p. 147
6. Error Rates	p. 147
V. Likelihood Ratios	p. 147
A. What Is the Question?	p. 147
B. Complex Evidence	p. 149
1. Mixtures	p. 149
C. Articulating the Hypothesis	p. 150
VI. When Is a DNA Profile Unique	p. 150
9 The DNA Databank	p. 157
I. Premise of a Databank	p. 157
II. The Difference Between a Databank and a Database	p. 157
III. Elements of a Successful Databank	p. 158
A. Legislation	p. 158
B. Collection of Samples	p. 158
1. Offenders	p. 158
2. Cases	p. 160
C. Analysis of Samples	p. 161
1. Choice of Markers	p. 161
2. Offenders	p. 163
3. Cases	p. 164
D. Transforming Analyzed Data into a Database	p. 164
1. The Computer Program	p. 164
2. Communication Between Laboratories	p. 165
3. Privacy	p. 165
4. Flow of Offender Data into the Databank	p. 166
5. Import of Profiles into the Database	p. 167
6. Categories and Indexes	p. 167
7. Searching Profiles	p. 168
8. Confirmation of a Match	p. 170
9. United States Statistics	p. 172
IV. Summary	p. 172
10 Quality Assurance	p. 175
I. Certification and Accreditation	p. 175
A. Certification	p. 175
B. Accreditation	p. 175
II. SWDAM (Formerly TWGDAM)	p. 176
III. NRC I and II	p. 176
A. NRC I	p. 177
B. NRC II	p. 179
IV. Federal DNA Advisory Board	p. 180
11 Admissibility Standards: Science on Trial in the Courtroom	p. 183
I. Frye, Daubert, and the Federal Rules of Evidence	p. 183
A. The Frye Standard	p. 183
B. The Federal Rules of Evidence	p. 184
C. The Daubert Standard	p. 185
D. Past Admissibility	p. 186
II. DNA: Some Landmark Cases	p. 186
A. RFLP	p. 186
B. PCR: DQ[alpha]/A1, Polymarker, D1S80	p. 190
C. PCR: STRs	p. 192
D. Mitochondrial DNA	p. 195
III. The State of the Debate	p. 195
12 Epilogue	p. 201
Appendix A Glossary	p. 203
Appendix B Key Phrases	p. 217
Appendix C Assessment Tools	p. 219
Appendix D Chromosomal Locations	p. 223
Appendix E Profile Frequency Calculation	p. 225
Appendix F Likelihood Ratio and Probability of Exclusion	p. 231
Appendix G DAB 98	p. 233
Appendix H DAB Statistics	p. 245
Appendix I NRC I, II	p. 253
Appendix J DNA Statutes	p. 263
Appendix K DNA Decision Summary	p. 271
Appendix L List STR decisions	p. 273
Appendix M Internet Resources	p. 277
Index	p. 279

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