Cover image for Open-channel flow
Title:
Open-channel flow
Publication Information:
New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2001
ISBN:
9780471356417

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30000010023293 TC175 J34 2001 Open Access Book Book
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Summary

Summary

A clear, up-to-date presentation of the principles of flow in open channels

A fundamental knowledge of flow in open channels is essential for the planning and design of systems to manage water resources. Open-Channel Flow conveys this knowledge through the use of practical problems that can be solved either analytically or by simple numerical methods that do not require the use of computer software.

This completely up-to-date text includes several features not found in any other book on the subject. It derives one- dimensional equations of motion using both a simplified approach and a rigorous approach, and it explains the distinction between the momentum and mechanical energy equations. The author places great emphasis on identifying the types and locations of the control sections that are essential in analyzing flow profiles, and he includes a section on recently recognized nonunique flow profiles.

Offering numerous worked examples that are helpful in understanding the basic principles and their practical applications, this book:
* Presents the latest computational methods for profiling spatially varied and unsteady flow
* Includes end-of-section exercises that measure and build understanding
* Fully explains governing equations in algebraic and differential form
* Brings sluice-gate analysis completely up to date
* Covers artificial channel controls such as weirs, spillways, and gates, and special topics such as transitions in supercritical flow and flow through culverts

Written in metric units throughout, this excellent learning tool for senior- and graduate-level students in civil and environmental engineering programs is also a useful reference for practicing civil and environmental engineers.


Author Notes

Subhash C. Jain, PhD, is Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at The University of Iowa in Iowa City


Table of Contents

Prefacep. xi
1 Basic Equationsp. 1
1-1 Introductionp. 1
Types of Channelsp. 1
1-2 Governing Equationsp. 2
1-3 Basic Hypothesesp. 3
Hydrostatic Pressure Distributionp. 4
1-4 Differential Continuity Equationp. 5
1-5 Differential Momentum Equationp. 9
1-6 Differential Mechanical-Energy Equationp. 16
1-7 Momentum and Energy Coefficientsp. 20
1-8 Governing Equations for Specific Flowsp. 21
Steady Uniform Flowp. 21
Steady Varied Flowp. 23
Unsteady Uniform Flowp. 26
Unsteady Varied Flowp. 26
1-9 Algebraic Equations of Motionp. 27
Continuity Equationp. 28
Momentum Equationp. 29
Energy Equationp. 30
Applicationp. 31
1-10 Pressure Distribution in Curvilinear Flowp. 33
A Rigorous Approachp. 36
A-1 Differential Continuity Equationp. 36
Three-Dimensional Equationp. 36
One-Dimensional Equationp. 37
Kinematic Boundary Conditionp. 39
A-2 Differential Momentum Equationsp. 42
Three-Dimensional Equationsp. 42
One-Dimensional Equationp. 44
A-3 Differential Mechanical-Energy Equationp. 50
Three-Dimensional Equationp. 50
One-Dimensional Equationp. 52
2 Steady Uniform Flowp. 58
2-1 Governing Equationsp. 58
2-2 Open-Channel Resistancep. 58
Manning Equationp. 61
2-3 Normal Depthp. 64
Compound Channelsp. 66
2-4 Equivalent Roughnessp. 69
2-5 Best Hydraulic Sectionp. 70
Trapezoidal Sectionp. 71
2-6 Design of Channelsp. 72
B Design Charts For Normal Depthp. 75
3 Control Sectionsp. 77
3-1 Propagation of Disturbancesp. 77
Celerity of Small Disturbancep. 81
Upstream Propagation of Disturbancep. 83
Hydraulic Jumpp. 85
3-2 Channel Transitionsp. 88
Specific Energyp. 90
Critical Depthp. 91
Rectangular Channelsp. 95
Compound Channelsp. 96
Change in Bottom Elevationp. 98
Change in Channel Widthp. 101
Control Structuresp. 105
3-3 Locations and Types of Control Sectionsp. 107
3-4 Flow Profiles without Channel Resistancep. 108
C Surge Propagationp. 116
D Coordinates of the Dimensionless Specific-Energy Curvep. 118
4 Gradually Varied Flowp. 120
4-1 Governing Equationsp. 120
4-2 Classification of Flow Profilesp. 122
Backwater and Drawdown Curvesp. 123
4-3 Characteristics of Flow Profilesp. 124
Water-Surface Slope at Zonal Boundariesp. 124
Shapes of Flow Profilesp. 124
Mechanism of Specific Energy Gainp. 125
4-4 Sketching Flow Profilesp. 127
Prismatic Channel with Change in Slope and Roughnessp. 128
Interaction of Controlsp. 133
Profiles in Channels with Transitionsp. 137
4-5 Nonunique Water-Surface Profilesp. 143
Mild Downstream Reachp. 143
Steep Downstream Reachp. 146
4-6 Profile Analysis for Given Total Headp. 148
Flow in a Long Channelp. 148
Effect of a Downstream Controlp. 150
4-7 Location of Hydraulic Jumpp. 153
4-8 Profiles in Compound Channelsp. 154
5 Computation of Gradually Varied Flowp. 158
5-1 Direct Integration Methodp. 158
Hydraulic Exponentsp. 161
5-2 Direct Step Methodp. 164
5-3 Standard Step Methodp. 167
5-4 The Ezra Methodp. 171
5-5 Inclusion of Form Lossesp. 174
5-6 Flow in Parallel Channelsp. 176
E Table of the Varied-Flow Functionp. 177
6 Spatially Varied Flowp. 180
6-1 Lateral Outflowp. 180
Governing Equationsp. 180
Analytical Solutionsp. 181
Numerical Integrationp. 187
6-2 Lateral Inflowp. 189
Governing Equationsp. 189
Analytical Solutionp. 190
Numerical Integrationp. 192
7 Unsteady Flow Ip. 196
7-1 Governing Equationsp. 197
7-2 Characteristics Equationsp. 197
7-3 Initial and Boundary Conditionsp. 200
7-4 Simple-Wave Problemp. 201
Subcritical Flowp. 202
Supercritical Flowp. 210
7-5 Dam-Break Problemp. 212
Dry Downstream Channel Bedp. 212
Finite Depth in the Downstream Channelp. 216
7-6 Sluice-Gate Operationp. 219
Sudden Complete Openingp. 219
Sudden Partial Openingp. 220
Sudden Partial Closurep. 222
Sudden Complete Closurep. 223
F Monoclinal Wavep. 227
8 Unsteady Flow IIp. 229
8-1 Reservoir Routingp. 229
8-2 The Muskingum Methodp. 234
Determination of K and Xp. 236
8-3 Simplification of the Momentum Equationp. 238
Methods of Flood Routingp. 240
8-4 Kinematic-Wave Methodp. 240
8-5 Diffusion-Wave Methodp. 243
The Muskingum-Cunge Methodp. 244
8-6 Dynamic-Wave Methodp. 247
8-7 Rating Curvesp. 248
8-8 Overland Flowp. 250
9 Artificial Channel Controlsp. 262
9-1 Weirs, Sills, and Overfallsp. 262
Sharp-Crested Weirsp. 262
Sillsp. 266
Broad-Crested Weirsp. 267
Overfallsp. 269
9-2 Ogee-Crest Spillwayp. 272
9-3 Underflow Gatesp. 273
9-4 Venturi Flumesp. 275
10 Special Topicsp. 277
10-1 Contractions and Expansionsp. 277
Subcritical Flowp. 277
Supercritical Flowp. 279
10-2 Flow in Bendsp. 295
Subcritical Flowp. 295
Supercritical Flowp. 298
10-3 Hydraulic Jumpp. 302
Energy Loss in the Jumpp. 302
Types of Jumpsp. 303
Length of the Jumpp. 304
Surface Profile of the Jumpp. 305
Control of the Jumpp. 306
Stilling Basinsp. 306
10-4 Flow through Culvertsp. 309
Discharge Equationsp. 310
Coefficient of Dischargep. 313
10-5 Surges in Power Canalsp. 314
Meeting of Two Surgesp. 314
Surge Due to Sudden Load Rejectionp. 316
10-6 Roll Wavesp. 318
Referencesp. 321
Indexp. 325