Categorical data analysis using the SAS system

Along with providing a useful discussion of categorical data analysis techniques, this book shows how to apply these methods with the SAS System. The authors include practical examples from a broad range of applications to illustrate the use of the FREQ, LOGISTIC, GENMOD, and CATMOD procedures in a variety of analyses. They also discuss other procedures such as PHREG and NPAR1WAY.

Author Notes

Maura E. Stokes is Senior Manager of Statistical Applications Research and Development at SAS Institute
Charles S. Davis is Professor of Biostatistics at the University of Iowa
Gary G. Koch is Professor of Biostatistics and Director of the Biometrics Consulting Laboratory at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Preface to the Second Edition	p. v
Acknowledgments	p. vii
Chapter 1. Introduction	p. 1
1.1 Overview	p. 3
1.2 Scale of Measurement	p. 3
1.3 Sampling Frameworks	p. 6
1.4 Overview of Analysis Strategies	p. 7
1.5 Working with Tables in the SAS System	p. 10
1.6 Using This Book	p. 15
Chapter 2. The 2 x 2 Table	p. 17
2.1 Introduction	p. 19
2.2 Chi-Square Statistics	p. 20
2.3 Exact Tests	p. 23
2.4 Difference in Proportions	p. 29
2.5 Odds Ratio and Relative Risk	p. 32
2.6 Sensitivity and Specificity	p. 39
2.7 McNemar's Test	p. 40
Chapter 3. Sets of 2 x 2 Tables	p. 43
3.1 Introduction	p. 45
3.2 Mantel-Haenszel Test	p. 45
3.3 Measures of Association	p. 57
Chapter 4. Sets of 2 x r and s x 2 Tables	p. 65
4.1 Introduction	p. 67
4.2 Sets of 2 x r Tables	p. 67
4.3 Sets of s x 2 Tables	p. 78
4.4 Relationships Between Sets of Tables	p. 86
Chapter 5. The s x r Table	p. 89
5.1 Introduction	p. 91
5.2 Association	p. 91
5.3 Exact Tests for Association	p. 100
5.4 Measures of Association	p. 105
5.5 Observer Agreement	p. 111
5.6 Test for Ordered Differences	p. 116
Chapter 6. Sets of s x r Tables	p. 121
6.1 Introduction	p. 123
6.2 General Mantel-Haenszel Methodology	p. 124
6.3 Mantel-Haenszel Applications	p. 127
6.4 Advanced Topic: Application to Repeated Measures	p. 137
Chapter 7. Nonparametric Methods	p. 159
7.1 Introduction	p. 161
7.2 Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney Test	p. 161
7.3 Kruskal-Wallis Test	p. 165
7.4 Friedman's Chi-Square Test	p. 168
7.5 Aligned Ranks Test for Randomized Complete Blocks	p. 170
7.6 Durbin's Test for Balanced Incomplete Blocks	p. 171
7.7 Rank Analysis of Covariance	p. 174
Chapter 8. Logistic Regression I: Dichotomous Response	p. 181
8.1 Introduction	p. 183
8.2 Dichotomous Explanatory Variables	p. 184
8.3 Using the CLASS Statement	p. 195
8.4 Qualitative Explanatory Variables	p. 203
8.5 Continuous and Ordinal Explanatory Variables	p. 211
8.6 A Note on Diagnostics	p. 217
8.7 Maximum Likelihood Estimation Problems and Alternatives	p. 222
8.8 Exact Methods in Logistic Regression	p. 225
8.9 Using the CATMOD and GENMOD Procedures for Logistic Regression	p. 232
Appendix A Statistical Methodology for Dichotomous Logistic Regression	p. 239
Chapter 9. Logistic Regression II: Polytomous Response	p. 241
9.1 Introduction	p. 243
9.2 Ordinal Response: Proportional Odds Model	p. 243
9.3 Nominal Response: Generalized Logits Model	p. 257
Chapter 10. Conditional Logistic Regression	p. 271
10.1 Introduction	p. 273
10.2 Paired Observations from a Highly Stratified Cohort Study	p. 273
10.3 Clinical Trials Study Analysis	p. 276
10.4 Crossover Design Studies	p. 283
10.5 General Conditional Logistic Regression	p. 295
10.6 Paired Observations in a Retrospective Matched Study	p. 300
10.7 1:m Conditional Logistic Regression	p. 309
10.8 Exact Conditional Logistic Regression in the Stratified Setting	p. 314
Appendix A Theory for the Case-Control Retrospective Setting	p. 318
Appendix B Theory for Exact Conditional Inference	p. 320
Appendix C ODS Macro	p. 321
Chapter 11. Quantal Bioassay Analysis	p. 323
11.1 Introduction	p. 325
11.2 Estimating Tolerance Distributions	p. 325
11.3 Comparing Two Drugs	p. 330
11.4 Analysis of Pain Study	p. 339
Chapter 12. Poisson Regression	p. 347
12.1 Introduction	p. 349
12.2 Methodology for Poisson Regression	p. 349
12.3 Simple Poisson Counts Example	p. 351
12.4 Poisson Regression for Incidence Densities	p. 353
12.5 Overdispersion in Lower Respiratory Infection Example	p. 356
Chapter 13. Weighted Least Squares	p. 363
13.1 Introduction	p. 365
13.2 Weighted Least Squares Methodology	p. 365
13.3 Using PROC CATMOD for Weighted Least Squares Analysis	p. 371
13.4 Analysis of Means: Performing Contrast Tests	p. 377
13.5 Analysis of Proportions: Occupational Data	p. 386
13.6 Obstetrical Pain Data: Advanced Modeling of Means	p. 395
13.7 Analysis of Survey Sample Data	p. 409
13.8 Modeling Rank Measures of Association Statistics	p. 418
Appendix A Statistical Methodology for Weighted Least Squares	p. 422
Chapter 14. Modeling Repeated Measurements Data with WLS	p. 427
14.1 Introduction	p. 429
14.2 Weighted Least Squares	p. 430
14.3 Advanced Topic: Further Weighted Least Squares Applications	p. 453
Chapter 15. Generalized Estimating Equations	p. 469
15.1 Introduction	p. 471
15.2 Methodology	p. 471
15.3 Summary of the GEE Methodology	p. 478
15.4 Passive Smoking Example	p. 480
15.5 Crossover Example	p. 487
15.6 Respiratory Data	p. 494
15.7 Using a Modified Wald Statistic to Assess Model Effects	p. 503
15.8 Diagnostic Data	p. 505
15.9 Using GEE for Count Data	p. 510
15.10 Fitting the Proportional Odds Model	p. 514
15.11 GEE Analyses for Data with Missing Values	p. 518
15.12 Alternating Logistic Regression	p. 527
15.13 Using GEE to Fit a Partial Proportional Odds Model: Univariate Outcome	p. 533
15.14 Using GEE to Account for Overdispersion: Univariate Outcome	p. 541
Appendix A Steps to Find the GEE Solution	p. 547
Appendix B Macro for Adjusted Wald Statistic	p. 548
Chapter 16. Loglinear Models	p. 551
16.1 Introduction	p. 553
16.2 Two-Way Contingency Tables	p. 554
16.3 Three-Way Contingency Tables	p. 564
16.4 Higher-Order Contingency Tables	p. 574
16.5 Correspondence Between Logistic Models and Loglinear Models	p. 585
Appendix A Equivalence of the Loglinear and Poisson Regression Models	p. 588
Chapter 17. Categorized Time-to-Event Data	p. 591
17.1 Introduction	p. 593
17.2 Life Table Estimation of Survival Rates	p. 593
17.3 Mantel-Cox Test	p. 596
17.4 Piecewise Exponential Models	p. 599
References	p. 607
Index	p. 619

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