Nanoreactor engineering for life sciences and medicine

This first-of-its-kind book presents latest advances in bionanoreactor design and refinement, focusing on the potentially huge applications in cell biology, tissue engineering, and medical diagnostics and therapies. You get full details on the research, practice, synthesis, and characterization of nanoreactors, including 14 actual systems with biomedical relevance explained in full by the pioneers who are developing them. This trail-blazing volume covers nanoreactor essentials, including a review of synthetic procedures and materials used to develop various nanoreactor configurations. It explores nanoreactor theory and design, highlighting the fundamental differences between molecular events in macroscale and nanoscale reactors. The book offers a clear look at the dominating role of interfaces and how they affect nanoreactor properties and processes. Moreover, it shows how chemical reaction engineering can be applied in analyzing thermodynamics of self-assembly, colloidal stability, reaction kinetics and stochastic effects, and nanoreactor optimization. The book explores integrated nanoreactor systems, covering a theoretical treatment of how nanoreactors can be mobilized inside cells and tissues or as nanostructured films or coatings. Supported by over 100 diagrams and 250 equations, this definitive resource spotlights 14 bionanoreactor systems in development, including organic polymers, vesicles, polymer-stabilized liposomes, artificial protein cages, stem cells, DNA architectures, and others.

1 Introduction to Nanoreactor Technology	p. 1
1.1 What is a Nanoreactor?	p. 1
1.2 Examples of Nanoreactor Systems	p. 5
1.2.1 Overview	p. 5
1.2.2 Molecular Organic Nanoreactors	p. 7
1.2.3 Macromolecular Nanoreactors	p. 7
1.2.4 Micelle, Vesicles, and Nano/Micro/Mini Emulsions	p. 15
1.2.5 Porous Macroscopic Solids	p. 20
1.3 Conclusions	p. 22
References	p. 23
2 Miniemulsion Droplets as Nanoreactors	p. 47
2.1 Different Kinds of Polymerization in the Nanoreactors	p. 49
2.1.1 Radical Polymerization	p. 49
2.1.2 Controlled Free-Radical Miniemulsion Polymerization	p. 53
2.1.3 Anionic Polymerization	p. 56
2.1.4 Cationic Polymerization	p. 57
2.1.5 Enzymatic Polymerization	p. 58
2.1.6 Oxidative Polymerization	p. 58
2.1.7 Catalytic Polymerization	p. 59
2.1.8 Polyaddition Reaction	p. 60
2.1.9 Polycondensation Reaction	p. 61
2.1.10 Polymerase Chain Reaction	p. 61
2.2 Formation of Nanocapsules	p. 62
2.2.1 Generation of Encapsulated Inorganics	p. 62
2.2.2 Encapsulation of Hydrophobic Molecules	p. 64
2.2.3 Direct Generation of Polymer Capsules and Hollow Particles	p. 66
2.2.4 Encapsulation of Hydrophobic Liquids	p. 67
2.2.5 Encapsulation of Hydrophilic Liquids by Interfacial Reaction	p. 69
2.2.6 Encapsulation of Hydrophilic Components by Nanoprecipitation	p. 70
2.3 Crystallization in Miniemulsion Droplets	p. 71
2.4 Conclusion	p. 73
References	p. 73
3 Transport Phenomena and Chemical Reactions in Nanoscale Surfactant Networks	p. 81
3.1 Introduction	p. 81
3.2 Construction, Shape Transformations, and Structural Modifications of Phospholipid Nanotube-Vesicle Networks	p. 83
3.2.1 Phospholipid Membranes and Vesicles	p. 83
3.2.2 Self-Assembly of Vesicular Systems	p. 84
3.2.3 Lipid Nanotubes	p. 86
3.2.4 Nanotube-Vesicle Networks, Forced Shape Transitions, and Structural Self-Organization	p. 87
3.2.5 Membrane Biofunctionalization of Liposomes and Vesicle-Cell Hybrids	p. 91
3.2.6 Internal Volume Functionalization and Compartmentalization of Nanotube-Vesicle Networks	p. 94
3.3 Transport Phenomena in Nanotube-Vesicle Networks	p. 96
3.3.1 Mass Transport and Mixing in Nanotube-Vesicle Networks	p. 97
3.3.2 Transport by Diffusion	p. 99
3.3.3 Tension-Controlled (Marangoni) Lipid Flow and Intratubular Liquid Flow in Nanotubes	p. 102
3.3.4 Electrophoretic Transport	p. 104
3.3.5 Solution Mixing-in Inflated Vesicles through a Nanotube	p. 105
3.4 Chemical Reactions in Nanotube-Vesicle Networks	p. 106
3.4.1 Diffusion-Controlled Reactions in Confined Spaces	p. 107
3.4.2 Chemical Transformations in Individual Vesicles	p. 112
3.4.3 Enzymatic Reactions in Nanotube-Vesicle Networks	p. 114
3.4.4 Controlled Initiation of Enzymatic Reactions	p. 115
3.4.5 Control of Enzymatic Reactions by Network Architecture	p. 117
3.5 Summary and Outlook	p. 122
Selected Bibliography	p. 124
4 Ordered Mesoporous Materials	p. 133
4.1 Introduction	p. 133
4.2 The Mechanism of Self-Assembly of Mesoporous Materials	p. 135
4.3 Functionalization of the Pore Walls	p. 139
4.4 Controlling the Mesopore Diameter	p. 140
4.5 Characterization	p. 141
4.6 Protein Adsorption and Enzyme Activity	p. 143
4.7 Morphogenesis of Nano- and Microparticles	p. 147
4.8 Drug Delivery	p. 151
4.9 Bioactive Glasses for Tissue Engineering	p. 154
4.10 Summary	p. 155
References	p. 157
5 A Novel Nanoreactor for Biosensing	p. 161
5.1 Introduction	p. 161
5.2 Basic Design of a Nanoreactor for ROS Detection	p. 162
5.2.1 Overall Mechanism	p. 162
5.2.2 Chemiluminescence of Luminol	p. 162
5.2.3 Resonance Energy Transfer Inside a Nanoreactor	p. 162
5.2.4 A Kinetics Model of Nanoreactor Chemiluminescence and Fluorescence	p. 166
5.3 Synthesis of a Nanoreactor	p. 168
5.3.1 Outline of Nanoreactor Synthesis	p. 168
5.3.2 Encapsulation of the Reactants in Liposomes	p. 169
5.3.3 Self-Assembly of Calcium Phosphate Shells over the Liposomes and Nanoreactor Stabilization with CEPA	p. 170
5.4 Characterization of a Synthesized Nanoreactor	p. 171
5.4.1 Physical Feature of a Nanoreactor	p. 171
5.4.2 Internal Structure of the Calcium Phosphate Shell	p. 173
5.4.3 Concentrations of Reactants in Nanoreactors	p. 173
5.5 Detection of ROS with the Nanoreactor	p. 174
5.5.1 Stopped Flow Analyses of Luminescence	p. 174
5.5.2 Time-Resolved Luminescence of Luminol in Solution and Inside Nanoreactors	p. 175
5.5.3 Spectrophotometric Chemiluminescence and Fluorescence Analyses Show That RET Is Significantly Enhanced in Nanoreactors	p. 176
5.5.4 The RET Takes Place Inside Nanoreactors	p. 177
5.6 Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and Diseases	p. 178
5.6.1 Significance of ROS in Human Bodies	p. 178
5.6.2 Conventional Methods of ROS Detection Are Cumbersome and Often Error Ridden Due to the Influence of Compounds Found in the Body	p. 179
5.7 Conclusions	p. 180
References	p. 181
6 Surface Nanoreactors for Efficient Catalysis of Hydrolytic Reactions	p. 187
6.1 Introduction	p. 187
6.1.1 Emulsion-Based Surface Nanoreactors	p. 191
6.1.2 Polymer-Based Surface Nanoreactors (Case of Polymer Aggregates)	p. 195
6.1.3 Polymer-Based Surface Nanoreactors (Case of Polymer Globules)	p. 199
6.2 Conclusion	p. 205
Acknowledgements	p. 206
References	p. 207
7 Nanoreactors for Enzyme Therapy	p. 209
7.1 Enzymes and Disease	p. 209
7.2 Enzyme Therapy	p. 210
7.2.1 Intravenous Administration and Chemical Modification of Enzymes for Therapeutic Use	p. 212
7.2.2 Antibody and Viral Vector Targeting of Enzyme Therapies	p. 214
7.2.3 Microreactor Immobilization of Enzyme Therapies	p. 215
7.2.4 Nanoreactor Immobilization of Enzyme Therapies	p. 217
7.3 Summary	p. 223
References	p. 223
8 Nanoractors in Stem Cell Research	p. 229
8.1 Stem Cells Are a Crucial Cell Population in Animal and Human Organisms	p. 230
8.2 (Stem) Cells as Nanoreactors	p. 232
8.3 The Concept of Stem Cells is Born: Definition of the Hematopoetic Stem Cell	p. 233
8.4 "New" Stem Cell Types	p. 236
8.4.1 Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSC)	p. 238
8.5 Nanoreactors/Nanoparticles and Mammalian (Stem) Cells	p. 240
8.5.1 Prerequisites for Polymers and Other Components of Nanoparticles and Nanoreactors for Use in Stem Cell Biology	p. 240
8.5.2 Components of Nanodevices to Be Considered in Affecting (Stem) Cell Functions	p. 241
8.5.3 Synthesis of Nanoreactors and Nanoparticles for Use in (Stem) Cell Biology and Therapy	p. 243
8.5.4 Polymers and Surface Modifications Used for Applications in Mammalian Cells and Medical Applications	p. 244
8.5.5 Selection of Stem cells for Transplantation	p. 244
8.5.6 Diagnostic Use of Nanotechnology in Stem Cell Biology	p. 246
8.5.7 Therapeutic Options of Nanoreactors and Nanoparticles in Stem Cell Transplantation	p. 250
8.5.8 Enhancing Effectiveness of Nanoparticles and Nanoreactors in Human (Stem) Cells-Understanding and Influencing the Uptake of Nanostructured Materials in (Stem) Cells	p. 251
8.5.9 Future Directions for Nanoreactors and Mammalian (Stem) Cells	p. 256
References	p. 257
About the Editors	p. 269
List of Contributors	p. 271
Index	p. 273

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