Polymeric foams : science and technology

Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
Searching... PSZ JB	30000010124096	TP1183.F6 L43 2007	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown
Searching... PSZ KL	30000010197359	TP1183.F6 L43 2007	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown

Polymers are among the major hallmarks of 20th-century science, and the explosive outgrowth and tremendous importance of polymeric foams is a testament to their amazing versatility and unique properties. With applications from automotive to acoustic and medical, polymeric foams pervade all areas of our lives. If this growth is to continue into the new millennium, especially in light of stringent environmental regulations, a strong understanding of the basic science and the major technologies behind foam production is critical.

Written by experienced and accomplished leaders in the field, Polymeric Foams: Science and Technology provides comprehensive coverage of the fundamentals, technologies, applications, and recent developments. The authors first outline the basic principles and fundamental foaming mechanisms, covering thermodynamics, kinetics, and the basics of blowing agents and foam formation. Foaming technologies and product applications then become the focus, with explanations of structure-property relationships, processing methods, and general types of foams. The book concludes with chapters on recent developments in composite and biodegradable foams that illustrate how to tailor processing to meet application needs.

Illuminating the role of polymeric foams in the modern materials landscape, Polymeric Foams: Science and Technology is the perfect guide for developing innovative materials that achieve better performance and regulatory compliance.

Chapter 1 Introduction to Polymeric Foams	p. 1
1.1 Basic Considerations on Foams, Foaming, and Foamed Polymers	p. 1
1.2 History of Polymeric Foams	p. 6
1.3 Foam Structure and Properties	p. 8
1.4 Blowing Agents	p. 10
1.5 Environmental Issues and Technical Challenges	p. 13
1.6 Thermoplastic and Thermoset	p. 15
1.7 Polymeric Foam Technology	p. 18
1.8 Applications and Usage	p. 20
Chapter 2 Thermodynamics and Kinetics	p. 23
2.1 Equilibrium	p. 23
2.2 Super-Saturation	p. 27
2.3 Reactions and their Kinetics	p. 28
2.4 Melt/Gas Rheology	p. 32
2.5 Crystallization Kinetics	p. 35
2.6 Transport Phenomena: Diffusion and Permeation	p. 38
Chapter 3 Foaming Fundamentals	p. 41
3.1 Physical Blowing Agents	p. 41
3.2 Chemical Blowing Agents	p. 43
3.3 Reactive Foaming	p. 46
3.4 Emulsion: Chemical Solution	p. 49
3.5 Nucleation in Batch, Continuous, and Reaction Foaming	p. 52
3.5.1 Nucleation in Batch Foaming Processes	p. 54
3.5.2 Nucleation in Continuous Foaming Processes	p. 56
3.5.3 Nucleation in Reaction Foaming Processes	p. 59
3.6 Growth	p. 60
3.7 Cell Coalescence and Rupture	p. 64
3.8 Solidification and Curing	p. 67
Chapter 4 General Foam Processing Technologies	p. 73
4.1 Foam Extrusion	p. 73
4.2 Thermoset Reactive Foaming	p. 78
4.3 Foam Injection Molding	p. 80
4.4 X-Linked Polyolefin Foam	p. 86
4.5 Molded Bead	p. 88
4.6 Foamed Film	p. 89
4.7 Areogel	p. 91
Chapter 5 Relationships Between Foam Structure and Properties	p. 93
5.1 Effects of Foam Density	p. 93
5.2 Open Cell Content and Its Effects	p. 97
5.3 Key Properties: Energy Absorption, Insulation, Sound Absorption, and Mechanical Properties	p. 99
5.4 Cell Size Distribution and Its Effects	p. 105
5.5 Dimensional Stability	p. 108
5.6 Residual Blowing Agent	p. 112
5.7 X-Linked Content	p. 114
Chapter 6 General Polymeric Foams and Their Applications	p. 117
6.1 Flexible and Rigid Polyurethane (PU) Foams	p. 117
6.2 Polystyrene Foams: Sheet and Slab	p. 121
6.3 Polyolefin Foams: PE, PP and Blends	p. 124
6.4 Other Foams	p. 128
Chapter 7 Wood Composite Foams	p. 131
7.1 Introduction	p. 131
7.1.1 Outline	p. 131
7.1.2 Polymeric Composites	p. 131
7.1.3 Fillers in Polymeric Composites	p. 132
7.1.3.1 Mineral Fillers	p. 132
7.1.3.2 Organic Fillers	p. 132
7.1.4 Microstructure of Wood Fibers	p. 133
7.1.5 Materials Used for Wood-Fiber/Plastic Composites	p. 134
7.1.6 Advantages of Wood-Fiber/Plastic Composite Foams	p. 135
7.2 Challenges to and Processing Strategies for the Development of WPC Foams	p. 136
7.2.1 Dispersion of Wood-Fiber and Fiber-Matrix Bonding	p. 136
7.2.2 Processing Difficulties Due to Increased Viscosity	p. 136
7.2.3 Volatile Emissions Released from Wood-Fiber and Corresponding TGA Studies	p. 137
7.2.4 Critical Processing Temperatures in the Extrusion Foaming of WPC	p. 138
7.2.5 Control of Residence Time in the Extrusion Foaming of WPC	p. 139
7.3 WPC Foams in Batch Processing	p. 141
7.4 Foaming of WPCs with Chemical Blowing Agents in Extrusion	p. 142
7.4.1 Chemical Blowing Agents (CBAs)	p. 142
7.4.2 WPC Extrusion Systems	p. 144
7.4.3 Two-Stage Extrusion Foaming of WPC with CBAs	p. 145
7.4.4 Expansion Behavior of WPC Foams Blown with CBAs	p. 145
7.4.5 Cell Morphology of Extruded WPC Foams Blown with CBAs	p. 147
7.5 Foaming of WPCs with Physical Blowing Agents (PBAs) in Extrusion	p. 147
7.6 WPC Foams in Injection Molding	p. 147
7.7 Innovative Stretching Technology and WPC Foams	p. 148
7.7.1 Introduction	p. 148
7.7.2 Experimental Setup and Procedure for Stretched WPCs	p. 149
7.7.2.1 Melt-Blending of WPCs	p. 149
7.7.2.2 Extrusion and Sizing	p. 151
7.7.2.3 Stretched WPC Processing	p. 151
7.7.3 Effects of Preheating Time and Oven Temperature on Stretched WPCs	p. 151
7.7.4 Tensile Properties of Stretched WPCs	p. 153
7.7.5 Morphology of Stretched WPCs	p. 154
7.7.6 Effects of Coupling Agents on the Properties of Stretched WPCs	p. 155
7.8 Effects of Nano-Clay on WPC Foams and Their Flame Retardancy	p. 157
7.8.1 Introduction	p. 157
7.8.2 Preparation of Polymer Nano-Composites with a Twin-Screw Compounder	p. 157
7.8.3 Effects of Nano-Clay on the Expansion Behavior of WPC Foams	p. 158
7.8.4 Effects of Nano-Clay on the Cell Morphology of WPC Foams	p. 158
7.8.5 Effects of Nano-Clay on the Flame Retardancy of WPCs	p. 160
7.8.6 Effects of the Degree of Exfoliation of Nano-Clay on the Flame Retardancy of WPCs	p. 161
7.9 Current Foaming Technology and Markets for WPC	p. 163
7.10 Summary	p. 164
Chapter 8 Biodegradable Foams	p. 165
8.1 Introduction	p. 165
8.1.1 Importance of Biodegradable Plastics and Foams	p. 166
8.2 Definition of Biodegradability	p. 168
8.3 Biodegradable Polymers	p. 168
8.4 Advantages and Disadvantages	p. 169
8.5 Degradation Mechanisms	p. 169
8.6 Development of Biodegradable Foams	p. 169
8.7 Extrusion of Novel Water Soluble PVOH Foams	p. 171
8.7.1 Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVOH) Resin Chemistry and Rheology	p. 171
8.7.1.1 PVOH Chemistry	p. 171
8.7.1.2 Manufacture of PVOH	p. 171
8.7.1.3 Vinex PVOH Thermoplastic Copolymer Resins	p. 172
8.7.1.4 PVOH Resin Rheology	p. 172
8.7.2 Experiments	p. 174
8.7.3 Computer Model	p. 175
8.7.4 Results and Discussion	p. 178
8.7.4.1 Effect of Cross-Linking Agent	p. 178
8.7.4.2 Effect of Blowing Agent Concentration	p. 179
8.7.5 Conclusions	p. 179
8.8 Starch Foams	p. 180
8.8.1 Chemistry of Starch	p. 181
8.8.2 Types of Starches	p. 181
8.8.3 Extrusion of Starch Foams	p. 182
8.8.4 Starch Foam Compositions	p. 182
8.8.5 Experimental Results and Discussion	p. 185
8.8.5.1 High Amylose and Hydroxypropylated Starch Blend Foam	p. 185
8.8.5.2 Native Starch and High Amylose Starch Blend Foam	p. 185
8.8.5.3 High Amylose Starch Blend Foam	p. 186
8.8.6 Key Observations	p. 186
8.8.7 Comparison of Starch Foam vs. PS Foam	p. 186
8.9 Polylactic Acid (PLA) Polymer	p. 188
8.9.1 Chemistry of Polylactic Acid (PLA) Polyesters	p. 189
8.9.2 PLA Foam	p. 190
8.9.3 PLA Cellular Structure through Solution Process-Another Method	p. 191
8.10 Future Work	p. 191
8.11 Nomenclature	p. 192
References	p. 193
Author Index	p. 205
Subject Index	p. 209

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