Fiber-to-the-home technologies / Josep Prat ... [et al.]

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Title:

Publication Information:

Boston, MA : Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002

ISBN:

9781402071362

Subject Term:

Optical communications

Fiber optics

Computer networks

Added Author:

Prat, Josep

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Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
Searching... PSZ JB	30000010099148	TK5103.592.F52 F53 2002	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown

This broad-ranging volume fundamentally covers all the variable factors of development and advancement of the promising technology of FTTH, which will be the key broadband telecom access technique to the end users of the future.

Author Notes

Oscar Diaz received his Ph.D. in computer science at the University of Aberdeen (UK).

Diaz is a professor of computer science at the University of the Basque Country, Spain.

050

Preface	p. xiii
Chapter 1 Introduction	p. 1
Document overview	p. 10
Chapter 2 Access Techniques	p. 11
Introduction	p. 11
2.1. Network architecture	p. 12
Introduction	p. 12
2.1.1. Access network	p. 12
2.1.2. Functions to be done by access network elements	p. 15
2.1.3. Power budget	p. 16
2.1.4. Active versus passive architectures	p. 19
2.1.5. Unidirectional versus bidirectional systems	p. 23
2.1.6. Optical access network architectures	p. 24
2.1.6.1. Point-to-point fiber approach	p. 25
2.1.6.2. Point-to-multipoint networks	p. 26
2.1.6.3. Physical topology and logical topology	p. 31
2.1.7. Main optical effects/issues	p. 32
2.1.8. Packet-switched approaches	p. 35
2.1.9. Advanced architectures	p. 36
2.2. Modulation formats	p. 41
Introduction	p. 41
2.2.1. Basic modulation formats	p. 41
2.2.1.1. NRZ vs. RZ comparison	p. 41
2.2.2. Advanced modulation formats	p. 44
2.2.2.1. Multilevel signalling	p. 45
2.2.2.2. Coherent systems	p. 53
2.2.3. Electrical modulations	p. 57
2.3. Multiplexation techniques	p. 62
Introduction	p. 62
2.3.1. Time division multiplexing	p. 63
2.3.1.1. Optical time division multiplexing (OTDM)	p. 63
2.3.2. Frequency/wavelength division multiplexing	p. 66
2.3.2.1. Sub-carrier multiplexing (SCM)	p. 67
2.3.2.2. Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM)	p. 70
2.3.3. Code division/coherence multiplexing	p. 74
2.3.3.1. OCDM in temporal domain	p. 75
2.3.3.2. OCDM in spectral domain	p. 78
2.3.3.3. 2D OCDMA time-frequency	p. 88
2.3.3.4. 3D OCDMA frequency-time-frequency	p. 89
2.3.3.5. Coherence multiplexing	p. 91
2.4. Multiple access techniques	p. 94
Introduction	p. 94
2.4.1. Point-to-point	p. 94
2.4.2. Shared medium time, freuqency and code	p. 96
2.4.2.1. Deterministic strategies	p. 96
2.4.2.2. Random strategies	p. 98
2.4.2.3. Request/grant strategies	p. 103
2.4.2.4. Mixed technologies	p. 106
Summary	p. 109
References	p. 112
Chapter 3 Protocols and standardisation	p. 117
Introduction	p. 117
3.1. APON: ATM passive optical network	p. 117
3.1.1. G983.3 standard	p. 121
3.1.2. G.983.4	p. 121
3.1.3. G.983.5	p. 122
3.1.4. A brief view in the ITU-T Recommendation G.983.1	p. 125
3.2. EPON: Ethernet passive optical network	p. 132
3.2.1. Gigabit Ethernet	p. 134
3.2.2. 10 Gigabit Ethernet	p. 137
3.2.2.1. Physical Media Dependent (PMDs)	p. 138
3.2.2.2. Physical Layer (PHYs)	p. 138
3.2.2.3. Differences between 1 Gigabit Ethernet and 10 Gigabit Ethernet	p. 140
3.2.3. ATM vs. EPON	p. 140
3.3. HFC	p. 142
Summary	p. 146
References	p. 146
Chapter 4 Projects & field trials	p. 149
Introduction	p. 149
4.1. European Union	p. 149
4.1.1. CORDIS	p. 147
4.1.1.1. PLANET (Photonic Local Access Networks). ACTS-. 2000	p. 149
4.1.1.2. TOBASCO (Towards Broadband Access Systems for CATV Optical Networks). ACTS-. 1998	p. 151
4.1.1.3. HARMONICS (hybrid Access Reconfigurable Multi-wavelength Optical Networks for IP-based Communication Systems). IST-. 2001	p. 154
4.1.1.4. SONATA (Switchless Optical Network for Advanced Transport Architecture)	p. 156
4.1.1.5. BONAPARTE (Broadband Optical Network using ATM PON Access facilities in Realistic Telecommunication Environments). ACTS-. 1998	p. 158
4.1.1.6. BOURBON: Broadband Urban Rural Based Open Networks-. ACTS. 1999	p. 159
4.1.1.7. BBL: Broadbandloop Project	p. 160
4.1.1.8. Others projects	p. 162
4.1.2. Eurescom	p. 163
4.1.2.1. BOBAN (Building and Operating Broadband Access Network)	p. 163
4.2. Others	p. 165
4.2.1. Fibervista architecture-. 1999	p. 165
4.2.2. Ringo architecture-. 2001	p. 167
4.2.2.1. RINGO architecture and protocol	p. 167
4.2.2.2. RINGO node structure	p. 169
4.2.3. Modified star-ring architecture (MSRA)-. 2001	p. 170
4.2.4. The next generation optical regional access network-. DARPA 2000	p. 174
4.2.4.1. Dual-fiber ring and optical protectio switching	p. 174
4.2.4.2. Access node implementation	p. 175
4.2.5. Others projects and experimental projects	p. 177
4.2.5.1. Cascaded WDM passive optical network with a highly shared source. 1997	p. 177
4.2.5.2. A WDM access system architecture based on spectral slicing of an amplified led and delay-line multiplexing and encoding of eight wavelength channels for 64 subscribers-. 1997	p. 179
4.2.5.3. "Rite-net" architecture-. 1994	p. 180
4.2.5.4. Wavelength-tolerant optical access architecture	p. 181
4.2.5.5. Coherence multiplexed access network	p. 182
4.3. Field trials	p. 183
Summary	p. 183
References	p. 186
Chapter 5 Components	p. 189
Introduction	p. 189
5.1. Fiber cables and cabling systems	p. 189
5.1.1. Introduction	p. 189
5.1.2. Optical Fiber	p. 190
5.1.3. Types of Fiber	p. 193
5.1.3.1. Single-Mode Fibers (SMF)	p. 193
5.1.3.2. Multi-Mode Fibers (MMF)	p. 194
5.1.3.3. Plastic Optical Fiber (POF)	p. 196
5.1.3.4. FineLight(tm): Special fiber for FTTH	p. 197
5.1.4. Impairments	p. 198
5.1.5. Protecting the fibers: Cable designs	p. 199
5.1.5.1. Tight Buffers Cables (TBC)	p. 199
5.1.5.2. Loose Tubes Cables (LTC)	p. 200
5.1.6. Types of fiber cable	p. 201
5.1.6.1. Some common cables	p. 201
5.1.7. Cabling Systems	p. 203
5.1.7.1. Push & Pull Installation Fiber	p. 203
5.1.7.2. Air-Blown Fiber	p. 204
5.1.7.3. Air-Assisted Fiber	p. 206
5.1.7.4. Sewer cabling	p. 209
5.2. Transceivers	p. 210
5.2.1. Introduction	p. 210
5.2.2. Integrated transceivers	p. 210
5.2.2.1. Introduction	p. 210
5.2.2.2. Characteristics	p. 212
5.2.3. Light sources	p. 217
5.2.3.1. Introduction	p. 217
5.2.3.2. Light emitting diode (LED)	p. 218
5.2.3.3. Laser Diode (LD)	p. 223
5.2.3.4. Tunable laser	p. 229
5.2.3.5. Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers (VCSELs)	p. 238
5.2.4. Photodetectors	p. 245
5.2.4.1. Introduction	p. 245
5.2.4.2. P-I-N diodes	p. 245
5.2.4.3. Avalanche photodiodes (APDs)	p. 249
5.4.2.4. Commercial devices	p. 254
5.3. Amplifiers	p. 255
5.3.1. Introduction	p. 255
5.3.2. Erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA)	p. 255
5.3.2.1. Introduction	p. 255
5.3.2.2. EDFA operation	p. 255
5.3.2.3. EDFA parameters	p. 256
5.3.2.4. EDFA specifications	p. 258
5.3.2.5. Research	p. 259
5.3.3. Semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs)	p. 265
5.3.3.1. Introduction	p. 265
5.3.3.2. SOAs in access	p. 265
5.4. Passive components	p. 270
5.4.1. Introduction	p. 270
5.4.2. Optical couplers	p. 270
5.4.2.1. Introduction	p. 270
5.4.2.2. Coupler types	p. 271
5.4.2.3. Research	p. 271
5.4.2.4. Commercial	p. 276
5.4.3. Optical multiplexers	p. 277
5.4.3.1. Introduction	p. 277
5.4.3.2. Research	p. 278
5.4.4. Opticals filters	p. 283
5.4.5. Connectors	p. 284
5.4.5.1. Introduction	p. 284
5.4.5.2. Small Form Factor (SFF) Connectors	p. 287
5.4.5.3. Installing Connectors	p. 291
5.4.5.4. Optical Splices	p. 291
Summary	p. 293
References	p. 296
Chapter 6 Transmission impairments and monitoring	p. 303
6.1. Introduction	p. 303
6.2. Faults and impairments	p. 305
6.2.1. Elements failures	p. 305
6.2.2. Fiber cut	p. 306
6.2.3. Attenuation	p. 306
6.2.4. Optical beat interference (OBI)	p. 307
6.2.5. Connector reflections	p. 308
6.2.6. Dispersion	p. 310
6.2.7. Frequency instability	p. 310
6.2.8. Crosstalk	p. 311
6.2.9. Noise	p. 312
6.2.10. Extinction ratio	p. 313
6.2.11. Differential optical path loss	p. 314
6.2.12. Timing jitter	p. 314
6.3. Maintenance procedures	p. 315
6.4. Monitoring systems	p. 316
6.4.1. Fiber monitoring between buildings	p. 317
6.4.2. Branches access network monitor	p. 319
6.5. Test instructments	p. 323
6.5.1. Optical power meter	p. 323
6.5.2. Optical spectrum analyser	p. 324
6.5.3. Optical Time-Domain Reflectometer	p. 326
6.5.4. BER Estimator	p. 327
Summary	p. 327
References	p. 330
Chapter 7 Economic case study	p. 333
Introduction	p. 333
7.1. Technology trends	p. 333
7.2. Scenarios under study: P2P and P2MP	p. 336
7.3. Cost analysis	p. 337
7.3.1. Unitary Costs	p. 339
7.4. Scenario 1: Case P2P. Deployment costs	p. 339
7.5. Scenario 2: Case P2MP. Deployment costs	p. 340
7.6. Results	p. 342
7.6.1. Simulations	p. 344
7.7. Conclusions	p. 346
References	p. 347

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