Digital communication systems engineering with software-defined radio

By prototyping and evaluating actual digital communication systems capable of performing over-the-air wireless data transmission and reception, this volume helps readers attain a first-hand understanding of critical design trade-offs and issues. It helps professionals gain a sense of the actual real-world operational behavior of these systems.

Author Notes

Di Pu is a graduate research assistant in the Wireless Innovation Laboratory at Worcester Polytechnic Institute. She holds an M.S. in electrical engineering from Worcester Polytechnic Institute, where she is currently a Ph.D. candidate.
Alexander M. Wyglinski is an associate professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Worcester Polytechnic Institute and the director of the Wireless Innovation Laboratory. He holds an M.S. in electrical engineering from Queen's University, and a B.Eng. and Ph.D. in electrical engineering from McGill University.

Preface	p. xiii
Chapter 1 What Is an SDR?	p. 1
1.1 Historical Perspective	p. 1
1.2 Microelectronics Evolution and its Impact on Communications Technology	p. 2
1.2.1 SDR Definition	p. 3
1.3 Anatomy of an SDR	p. 5
1.3.1 Design Considerations	p. 6
1.4 Build it and they Will Come	p. 7
1.4.1 Hardware Platforms	p. 8
1.4.2 SDR Software Architecture	p. 10
1.5 Chapter Summary	p. 13
1.6 Additional Readings	p. 13
References	p. 13
Chapter 2 Signals and Systems Overview	p. 15
2.1 Signals and Systems	p. 15
2.1.1 Introduction to Signals	p. 15
2.1.2 Introduction to Systems	p. 16
2.2 Fourier Transform	p. 18
2.2.1 Introduction and Historical Perspective	p. 19
2.2.2 Definition	p. 20
2.2.3 Properties	p. 20
2.3 Sampling Theory	p. 23
2.3.1 Uniform Sampling	p. 24
2.3.2 Frequency Domain Representation of Uniform Sampling	p. 24
2.3.3 Nyquist Sampling Theorem	p. 26
2.3.4 Sampling Rate Conversion	p. 27
2.4 Pulse Shaping	p. 30
2.4.1 Eye Diagrams	p. 32
2.4.2 Nyquist Pulse Shaping Theory	p. 32
2.4.3 Two Nyquist Pulses	p. 34
2.5 Filtering	p. 39
2.5.1 Ideal Filter	p. 39
2.5.2 Z-Transform	p. 39
2.5.3 Digital Filtering	p. 42
2.6 Chapter Summary	p. 47
2.7 Problems	p. 47
References	p. 50
Chapter 3 Probability Review	p. 53
3.1 Fundamental Concepts	p. 53
3.1.1 Set Theory	p. 53
3.1.2 Partitions	p. 54
3.1.3 Functions	p. 56
3.1.4 Axioms and Properties of Probability	p. 57
3.1.5 Conditional Probability	p. 57
3.1.6 Law of Total Probability and Bayes' Rule	p. 58
3.1.7 Independence	p. 59
3.2 Random Variables	p. 59
3.2.1 Discrete Random Variables	p. 60
3.2.2 Continuous Random Variables	p. 65
3.2.3 Cumulative Distribution Functions	p. 69
3.2.4 Central Limit Theorem	p. 70
3.2.5 The Bivariate Normal	p. 71
3.3 Random Processes	p. 72
3.3.1 Statistical Characteristics of Random Processes	p. 74
3.3.2 Stationarity	p. 76
3.3.3 Gaussian Processes	p. 77
3.3.4 Power Spectral Density and LTI Systems	p. 78
3.4 Chapter Summary	p. 79
3.5 Additional Readings	p. 80
3.6 Problems	p. 80
References	p. 88
Chapter 4 Digital Transmission Fundamentals	p. 89
4.1 What is Digital Transmission?	p. 89
4.1.1 Source Encoding	p. 91
4.1.2 Channel Encoding	p. 92
4.2 Digital Modulation	p. 94
4.2.1 Power Efficiency	p. 94
4.2.2 Pulse Amplitude Modulation	p. 95
4.2.3 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation	p. 98
4.2.4 Phase Shift Keying	p. 99
4.2.5 Power Efficiency Summary	p. 104
4.3 Probability of Bit Error	p. 105
4.3.1 Error Bounding	p. 107
4.4 Signal Space Concept	p. 108
4.5 Gram-Schmidt Orthogonalization	p. 110
4.6 Optimal Detection	p. 113
4.6.1 Signal Vector Framework	p. 114
4.6.2 Decision Rules	p. 116
4.6.3 Maximum Likelihood Detection in an AWGN Channel	p. 117
4.7 Basic Receiver Realizations	p. 119
4.7.1 Matched Filter Realization	p. 120
4.7.2 Correlator Realization	p. 122
4.8 Chapter Summary	p. 124
4.9 Additional Readings	p. 125
4.10 Problems	p. 125
References	p. 130
Chapter 5 Basic SDR Implementation of a Transmitter and a Receiver	p. 131
5.1 Software Implementation	p. 131
5.1.1 Repetition Coding	p. 132
5.1.2 Interleaving	p. 134
5.1.3 BER Calculator	p. 135
5.1.4 Receiver Implementation over an Ideal Channel	p. 136
5.2 USRP Hardware Implementation	p. 137
5.2.1 Frequency Offset Compensation	p. 138
5.2.2 Finding Wireless Signals: Observing IEEE 802.11 WiFi Networks	p. 140
5.2.3 USRP In-phase/Quadrature Representation	p. 141
5.3 Open-Ended Design Project: Automatic Frequency Offset Compensator	p. 145
5.3.1 Introduction	p. 145
5.3.2 Objective	p. 146
5.3.3 Theoretical Background	p. 147
5.4 Chapter Summary	p. 149
5.5 Problems	p. 149
References	p. 152
Chapter 6 Receiver Structure and Waveform Synthesis of a Transmitter and a Receiver	p. 153
6.1 Software Implementation	p. 153
6.1.1 Observation Vector Construction	p. 153
6.1.2 Maximum-Likelihood Decoder Implementation	p. 157
6.1.3 Correlator Realization of a Receiver in Simulink	p. 159
6.2 USRP Hardware Implementation	p. 162
6.2.1 Differential Binary Phase-Shift Keying	p. 163
6.2.2 Differential Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying	p. 166
6.2.3 Accelerate the Simulink Model that Uses USRP Blocks	p. 166
6.3 Open-Ended Design Project: Frame Synchronization	p. 167
6.3.1 Frame Synchronization	p. 167
6.3.2 Barker Code	p. 168
6.3.3 Simulink Models	p. 168
6.3.4 Hints for Implementation	p. 172
6.3.5 Hints for Debugging	p. 172
6.4 Chapter Summary	p. 172
6.5 Problems	p. 173
Reference	p. 175
Chapter 7 Multicarrier Modulation and Duplex Communications	p. 177
7.1 Theoretical Preparation	p. 177
7.1.1 Single Carrier Transmission	p. 177
7.1.2 Multicarrier Transmission	p. 181
7.1.3 Dispersive Channel Environment	p. 183
7.1.4 OFDM with Cyclic Prefix	p. 185
7.1.5 Frequency Domain Equalization	p. 186
7.1.6 Bit and Power Allocation	p. 187
7.2 Software Implementation	p. 189
7.2.1 MATLAB Design of Multicarrier Transmission	p. 189
7.2.2 Simulink Design of OFDM	p. 192
7.3 USRP Hardware Implementation	p. 194
7.3.1 Eye Diagram	p. 194
7.3.2 Matched Filter Observation	p. 195
7.4 Open-Ended Design Project: Duplex Communication	p. 197
7.4.1 Duplex Communication	p. 197
7.4.2 Half-Duplex	p. 198
7.4.3 Time-Division Duplexing	p. 198
7.4.4 Useful Suggestions	p. 199
7.4.5 Evaluation and Expected Outcomes	p. 200
7.5 Chapter Summary	p. 201
7.6 Problems	p. 201
References	p. 204
Chapter 8 Spectrum Sensing Techniques	p. 207
8.1 Theoretical Preparation	p. 207
8.1.1 Power Spectral Density	p. 207
8.1.2 Practical Issues of Collecting Spectral Data	p. 209
8.1.3 Hypothesis Testing	p. 214
8.1.4 Spectral Detectors and Classifiers	p. 218
8.2 Software Implementation	p. 222
8.2.1 Constructing Energy Detector	p. 222
8.2.2 Observing Cyclostationary Detector	p. 226
8.3 USRP Hardware Experimentation	p. 227
8.4 Open-Ended Design Project: CSMA/CA	p. 230
8.4.1 Carrier Sense Multiple Access	p. 230
8.4.2 Collision Avoidance	p. 231
8.4.3 Implementation Approach	p. 231
8.4.4 Useful Suggestions	p. 232
8.4.5 Evaluation and Expected Outcomes	p. 233
8.5 Chapter Summary	p. 234
8.6 Problems	p. 234
References	p. 236
Chapter 9 Applications of Software-Defined Radio	p. 239
9.1 Cognitive Radio and Intelligent Wireless Adaptation	p. 239
9.1.1 Wireless Device Parameters	p. 241
9.2 Vehicular Communication Networks	p. 242
9.2.1 VDSA Overview	p. 243
9.2.2 Transmitter Design	p. 244
9.2.3 Receiver Design	p. 245
9.2.4 VDSA Test-Bed Implementation	p. 245
9.3 Satellite Communications	p. 246
9.4 Chapter Summary	p. 250
References	p. 250
Appendix A Getting Started with MATLAB and Simulink	p. 253
A.1 MATLAB Introduction	p. 253
A.2 Edit and Run a Program in MATLAB	p. 253
A.3 Useful MATLAB Tools	p. 254
A.3.1 Code Analysis and M-Lint Messages	p. 254
A.3.2 Debugger	p. 255
A.3.3 Profiler	p. 256
A.4 Simulink Introduction	p. 257
A.5 Getting Started in Simulink	p. 257
A.5.1 Start a Simulink Session	p. 257
A.5.2 Stan a Simulink Model	p. 257
A.5.3 Simulink Model Settings	p. 258
A.6 Build a Simulink Model	p. 259
A.6.1 Obtain the Blocks	p. 260
A.6.2 Set the Parameters	p. 260
A.6.3 Connect the Blocks	p. 262
A.7 Run Simulink Simulations	p. 264
References	p. 266
Appendix B Universal Hardware Driver (UHD)	p. 267
B.1 Setting Up Your Hardware	p. 267
B.2 Installing UHD-Based USRP I/O Blocks	p. 267
B.3 Burning the Firmware to an SD Card	p. 268
B.4 Configure the Ethernet Card	p. 268
B.5 Modify the Iptables	p. 269
B.6 Each Time You Use	p. 269
B.7 Problems with Unicode	p. 269
References	p. 270
Appendix C Data Flow on USRP	p. 271
C.1 Receive Path	p. 271
C.1.1 Situation 1	p. 272
C.1.2 Situation 2	p. 274
C.2 Transmit Path	p. 274
References	p. 276
Appendix D Quick Reference Sheet	p. 277
D.1 LINUX	p. 277
D.1.1 Helpful Commands	p. 277
D.1.2 Modify the Iptables	p. 277
D.2 MATLAB	p. 278
D.2.1 How to Start MATLAB	p. 278
D.2.2 The MATLAB Environment	p. 278
D.2.3 Obtaining Help	p. 278
D.2.4 Variables in MATLAB	p. 278
D.2.5 Vectors and Matrices in MATLAB	p. 279
D.3 USRP2 Hardware	p. 279
D.3.1 XCVR2450 Daughtercard	p. 279
D.3.2 Sampling	p. 280
D.3.3 Clocking	p. 281
D.3.4 DDC and DUC	p. 281
D.4 Differential Phase-Shift Keying (DPSK)	p. 282
Reference	p. 282
Appendix E Trigonometric Identities	p. 283
About the Author	p. 285
Index	p. 287

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